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Forests produce benefits over and above the revenue yielded from timber and other wood based products. Most important among these may be the recreational benefits for visitors, which have been examined in several studies. Total benefits for residents are perhaps more accurately captured in property values since, ceteris paribus, the price of a house reflects willingness to pay to live near an environmental amenity such as a forest to gain access to it, and also the amenity (non-use) value of the forest in so far as it creates a pleasant landscape. However, the total non-priced value of forestry is not the sum of HPM and ITCM benefit estimates. Recreational benefits will typically be less, and will be subsumed in the HPM estimates, since the hedonic price is partly induced by the value of recreational access. 相似文献
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Guy R. Banville Ph.D. Barbara Pletcher D.B.A. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1974,2(3):432-446
Historically, major consideration given to product management has focused on research and development or the introductory
stage of the product life cycle. The authors present an empirical study delineating the variables to be considered in the
product elimination process. More specifically, the elimination process is evaluated under a situation of poor product performance
despite a generally viable market. The basic objectives of the study were: to determine the significant variables in the product
elimination process of the Small Appliance Industry; to determine the relative importance of the variables; to examine the
interaction among variables. The data obtained through personal structured questionnaire interviews were analyzed and provided
a ranking of twenty-six variables relevant to the elimination process. Moreover, the Johnson's Hierarchical Clustering Schemes
was applied to determine the interaction among variables. The results indicate that profitability and financial variables
are most significant in the elimination decision-process. Second, the primary clusters of importance are concerned with market
share, market growth rate, consumer awareness, and competitive action. 相似文献
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The purpose of this paper is to show how modern techniques of Temporary competitive equilibrium analysis can be applied to models of the “pure consumption loan model” type. One considers Samuelson's simplest model where traders live two periods and where money is the only store of value. It is proved that a temporary equilibrium exists if price expectations are sufficiently independent of current prices. A stationary market equilibrium is shown to exist if there is a set of traders (i) whose total resources are greater when they are young than when they are old, (ii) who are indifferent between present and future consumption. It is proved that this existence theorem still holds if the economy is sufficiently “close” to an economy which has this property. A stationary market equilibrium is shown to be Pareto optimal if all traders hold positive cash balances. It may be inefficient if this condition is not satisfied, for some traders may then be willing to borrow, which they cannot do in this model. 相似文献
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A stochastic frontier production function is used to estimate the effect of partial and gradual reforms in the 1980’s in each of seven state-owned manufacturing industries. Reform-induced gains in technical efficiency were significant in all sample industries although not always substantial enough to motivate industry-wide productivity growth. The bonus system had speedy and impressive efficiency effects, but there is no consistent evidence on the effectiveness of other reform measures, including greater output autonomy, partial exposure to market influences, and the possibility of dismissals for malfeasance. Equalization of marginal factor returns across firms was observed in some industries, which may be considered as evidence of improved allocative efficiency in response to the reforms. 相似文献
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In many developing countries, the potential benefits from adopting a transgenic variety developed by a multinational corporation are limited by the crop’s small production base. This paper presents an ex-ante evaluation of the economic impact of herbicide resistant transgenic rice in a small developing country, Uruguay. To fully account for the multinational’s market power, the firm’s seed markup is assumed to affect the adoption rate for the variety. Stochastic simulation techniques are employed to understand how potential benefits may vary with changes in technology, yield, costs, and adoption parameters. The results indicate a $1.82 million mean net present value for producers from the development and utilization of transgenic rice in Uruguay and $0.55 million for the multinational. These relatively small multinational firm benefits suggest that a firm will not undertake significant efforts to develop transgenic varieties adapted to local conditions without either strategic partnerships with local institutions or access to wider regional markets. 相似文献
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Abstract This paper studies the impact of a wage subsidy program aimed at long‐term social assistance recipients in Quebec. The program closely mimics the Self‐Sufficiency Project and was implemented for a trial period of one year in 2002.We focus on the labour market transitions of the targeted population starting one year before the implementation of the program and until the end of 2005. Our results show that the duration of spells off social assistance increased, while the duration of social assistance spells decreased slightly. The response to the program varies considerably with both observed and unobserved characteristics. 相似文献
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天然气价格与原油价格的关系及其发展趋势 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
天然气价格与重质燃料油、家用取暖油或原油价格挂钩,使得天然气价格能够与竞争能源的价格协调,保证了天然气的销售.欧洲和亚洲市场目前仍然采用这样的价格公式和合同.但是自20世纪80年代美国和英国的天然气市场取消管制以后,长期合同和与石油价格指数挂钩的天然气定价公式受到了挑战:以前20~25年的合同期限缩短到10年之内;出现了天然气现货市场,形成了受美国纽约商品交易所或英国国际石油交易所调节的市场,并出现了标准合同(如期货和期权).今后,现货价与期货价相结合的复杂的指数化价格公式可能辅助或取代原有的石油指数价格定价模式.电价的指数价格可能更频繁地用于为天然气定价.原油价格依旧会影响天然气价格,能源间的相互作用可以调节暂时的价差过大.2050年美国在世界LNG贸易中所占的份额将由目前的5%~6%增加到25%.天然气在家用、工业、发电和运输等各个领域的消费量将不断增长,天然气价格下跌的可能性不大. 相似文献