The development of integrated marketing communications at the British General Post Office, 1931–39

In the 1930s, the General Post Office (GPO) in Britain became one of the nation’s most innovative pioneers of marketing communication. Following criticism of the organisation in the 1920s for its conservative use of publicity, the GPO embarked upon a series of creative publicity campaigns that applied, amongst other methods, advertising, public relations, promotions, cinema, events and artistic posters. Through an overview of its publicity, and through a narrative of three case-studies, this article argues that one of the most important innovations of the GPO was its integration of marketing communication, both in terms of techniques used and in relation to its emphasis in promoting the organisation and the services it provided.     

The effect of increases in the level of unemployement on older workers

This study explores the influence of the level of unemployment on labour force participation and full- versus part-time status, for men and women aged 56 to 60. Comparisons are also made with 16–19- and 31–35-year-old men and women. It is found that when the unemployment increases, discourgement is greater for older men than for younger ones. For Women, Prime-aged workers exhibit less discouragement than either the older or younger women. The study also infers the original labour force status of older discouraged workers. For men, displaced workers come largely from the ranks of full-time workers. For women, both full- and part-time workers are displaced.     

The World money supply: Concept and measurement

Zusammenfassung Die Geldversorgung der Welt: Konzept und Messung. — Der Aufsatz erarbeitet zuerst die theoretischen Grundlagen für ein Konzept der Geldversorgung der Welt und legt dann die relevanten Zahlen vor. Es wird die Ansicht vertreten, da\ das zweckm?\ige Konzept der Welt-Geldversorgung von dem Wechselkurssystem abh?ngt. Bei einem System flexibler Wechselkurse mit exogenem Geldangebot sollte ein geeignetes Me\konzept gleitende Gewichte auf der Basis der Volkseinkommen benutzen, um das Welt-Geldangebot zu errechnen. Bei festen Wechselkursen und endogenem Geldangebot sind stattdessen gleitende Gewichte auf der Basis der Geldmengen am besten geeignet. In der Arbeit werden die neuen Zeitreihen des Welt-Geldangebots für 1958–1975, für W?hrungsreserven und für Geld im engeren und im weiteren Sinne berechnet. Au\erdem werden Zeitreihen für Industriel?nder, entwickelte und weniger entwickelte L?nder vorgelegt. Die beiden neuen Zeitreihen werden mit vorhandenen Reihen verglichen, bei denen die Geldmengenaggregate unter Verwendung von festen BIP-Gewichten und den jeweiligen Wechselkursen berechnet werden.

---

Résumé L’offre d’argent mondiale: Le concept et le mesurage. —Au premier lieu cet article dérive un fondement théorique pour le concept de l’offre d’argent mondiale et puis présente les données essentielles. Hous arguons que le concept approprié de l’ofire d’argent mondiale est dépendant du système de taux de change. Sous les conditions d’un système de taux de change flexible avec des offres d’argent exogènes un système de poids approprié utilise des poids mouvants de revenu national pour venir à l’offre d’argent mondiale. Sous les conditions des taux des changes fixes et des offres d'argent endogènes les poids mouvants de stock d’argent sont appropriés d'autre part. L’article calcule les nouvelles séries de l’offre d’argent mondiale dérivées pour la période 1958–1975 pour l’argent de reserve, l’argent en sens étroit et l’argent en sens vaste. Nous présentons aussi des séries pour les pays industriels, développés et développants. Nous faisons des comparaisons entre les deux nouvelles séries et les séries existantes en utilisant des poids fixes de PIB et des taux des changes courants pour venir aux agrégats mondiaux.

---

Resumen La oferta mundial de dineroxoncepto y medición. —El présente Artículo dériva en primer lugar una fundación teórica para el concepto de la oferta mundial de dinero y en seguida presenta los datos relevantes. Se argumenta que el concepto apropiado para la oferta mundial de dinero dépende del sistema cambiario. Bajo un sistema cambiario flexible con oferta de dinero exógena, el sistema de ponderaciones apropiado utiliza ponderaciones móviles para el ingreso nacional para llegar a una oferta de dinero mundial. Con tipos de cambio fijos y ofertas de dinero endógenas, el sistema adecuado consiste, en cambio en la utilización de ponderaciones móviles para el stock de dinero. En el artículo se estiman las nuevas series de oferta de dinero mundial para moneda de reserva, moneda limitada y moneda amplia derivadas del periodo 1958–1975. Se presentan además series para países industriales, desarrollados y en desarrollo. Se hacen comparaciones entre las series nuevas y las series existentes utilizando ponderaciones fijas para el PIB y las tasas de cambio corrientes para llegar a los agregados mundiales.

     

查尔斯·汉迪:新秩序的预言者(一)

查尔斯·汉迪是新秩序的预言者,这不仅表现在管理方面,在社会新秩序的建立上也散发着他的光辉思想.他具有极强的想象力,看问题全面广泛,这也是他的书如此畅销的主要原因.他书中的"组合式职业"(Portfolio Career),"油炸圈饼的内外理论"(The Inside-out Doughnut)和"三叶草式组织"(the Shamrock Organi-zation)都渗透着管理思想,它们描绘出了组织和个人工作方法变革的一些主要发展方向.     

Technical progress in Joan Robinson's view: an attempt at systematisation and formalisation

This paper deals with Joan Robinson's contributions to the issue of technical progress and her attempts at treating this subject in accordance with the Keynesian theory of employment and income distribution, mainly in the long run. The paper aims to review this aspect of her work and to establish a systematisation and a formalisation of her approach. At the same time, the paper exposes the problems she faced—but did not always solve. Looking through her main contributions, the paper concludes that she used different criteria for the classification of innovations and that they depended on the specific situations described by the models in which she used the classification.     

Malnutrition,child morbidity and the family decision process

A microeconomic model of the process by which infants and preschoolers are subject to malnourishment, diarrhea and other illnesses in developing countries is given. The model is econometrically based of a cross-section time-series for 1200 children from Candelaria, Colombia. Four primary issues are addressed: economic constraints and intra-family resource allocation decisions impacting on a child's nutritional and health status; the interrelationship between malnutrition, diarrhea, and other diseases; specific policy interventions (maternal-child health education, food supplementation and the encouragement of breast feeding) impacting on health and nutritional status; and the need to distinguish between the effect of different policy variables on a child's height and weight during infancy and preschool age. The observations were taken over a 7 year period during the Promotora maternal-child health program in Colombia.     

Exploring a Measurement of Analytics Capabilities

Changes in the volume and velocity of data have led many organizations to consider assessing and improving analytics capabilities. The purpose of this research is to describe a methodology developed to assess organizations’ analytics capabilities and explore the empirical value of data collected using this methodology. The measurement for analytics capabilities was developed by IBM during 2009–11 marketing efforts. To assess the data’s empirical value, we investigate whether measurements of analytics capabilities are internally consistent, associated with decisions to invest in analytics software and hardware, and able to explain firm profitability. In analyzing consistency, we find a natural sequence in the development of analytics capabilities. Exploring decisions to invest in analytics, we discover that firms with higher levels of capabilities are more likely to invest, as are firms that are larger and located in more profitable industries. However, we find no relationship between analytics capabilities and firm profitability.     

Mean and dispersion modelling for policy claims costs

A model for the statistical analysis of the total amount of insurance paid out on a policy is developed and applied. The model simultaneously deals with the number of claims (zero or more) and the amount of each claim. The number of claims is from a Poisson-based discrete distribution. Individual claim sizes are from a continuous right skewed distribution. The resulting distribution of total claim size is a mixed discrete-continuous model, with positive probability of a zero claim. The means and dispersions of the claim frequency and claim size distribution are modeled in terms of risk factors. The model is applied to a car insurance data set.