Cooperation between China and Tanzania on ICT: fish,fishing tackle or fishing skills?

Tanzania has ambitions of moving from a mere consumer of information and communication technologies to a designing and manufacturing base. This paper aims to assess the role of public–private partnerships with Chinese institutions in the achievement of this goal. Through an in-depth case study, this paper examines the contributions of three Chinese multinationals in terms of technology transfer and technological capacity building in local firms in Tanzania. The analysis contrasts the organisation of improvements on the manner of technology transfer and capacity building in these partnerships with prior Sino-Tanzanian partnership efforts in technology and industry. The Chinese multinationals had a labour localisation rate of 60% on average, with some training services provided to Tanzanian nationals and supply of services and equipment to Tanzanian firms. However, the overall level of technology transfer continues to be weak. Observed barriers to technology transfer include weak incentives for collaboration between Chinese and Tanzanian firms and low-level technology embedded in activities offshored by the Chinese multinationals to Tanzania.     

Interindustry Linkages in Indonesian Manufacturing 1

Deepening and strengthening of the industrial structure one of the prionties of industrial development in Indonesia. In this article, data from input-output tables have been used to examine the interindustry structure of the Indonesian non-oil manufacturing sector. Analysis of structural changes in manufacturing shows thaf exports have become the main engine of growth for the non-oil manufacturing sector. It is also found that this development is not inconsistent with the integration of the manufacturing sector in the economy, as manufactured exports on the whole are characterised by strong backward linkages. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that manufactured exports make significant contribution to employment, because both direct and total labour intensities of Indonesia's expomng sectors are relatively high.     

REAL INCOME CHANGES O F HOUSEHOLDS IN THE NETHERLANDS, 1977–1983

This paper deals with the construction of statistics on real income changes of households in the Netherlands. Two different figures are computed, called the dynamic and the static figure. The dynamic figure reflects the change in real income as experienced by individuals. It is based on longitudinal data: two panels resulting from an exact match between three files from the Netherlands' IRS. The static figure reflects the change in real income of positions (e.g. of a 60-year old civil servant) instead of individuals. It is based on micro-simulation: changes in wages, taxes, etc. are simulated on a sample of individuals for whom socio-economic and demographic positions are assumed constant.
In the paper we discuss both figures and some other problems, e.g. the concept of real income and the price index. Furthermore we give results for the years 1977–1983 and discuss some differences between the dynamic and the static figure. The most notable result is the large variation in the dynamic figure, exhibiting a very substantial income mobility.     

转型期知识产权保护制度的增长效应研究

知识产权保护制度是发展中国家能否克服短期技术困境、促进经济长期增长的关键因素。本文从宏观层面研究我国知识产权保护制度对经济增长的影响机制,主要贡献在于:首先通过构建知识产权保护指数,实际测算1985—2010年中国的知识产权保护程度。其次通过构建"知识—生产"两部门理论模型,分析知识产权对经济增长的影响机制。最后基于中国转型期经验数据,运用动态建模方法实证研究我国知识产权制度对经济增长的影响。研究表明,对于处于转型期的中国而言,短期内较弱的知识产权保护程度有利于经济增长,而较强的知识产权保护程度则有碍于经济增长;在长期均衡的状态下,较强的知识产权保护程度确实可以促进经济增长。     

Cost Benefit Analysis of European Air Quality Targets for Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide and Fine and Suspended Particulate Matter in Cities

The European Commission has proposed air quality standards for NO₂, SO₂ and PM₁₀ to be in force by 2010. The present paper presents a study that gauged their costs and benefits. An analysis of the expected emissions for 2010 (reference emission scenario), using simplified air quality models, showed that non-compliance with these standards will occur in cities only, not in rural areas. Most compliance problems are expected for PM₁₀, least for SO₂. Central estimates of the costs to meet standards range from 21 MECU (SO₂), to 79 MECU (NO₂) to 87--225 MECU (PM₁₀). The estimated benefits are 83--3783 MECU (SO₂), 408--5900 MECU (NO₂), and 5007--51247 MECU (PM₁₀). Uncertainties are high, due to errors and incertitude in various steps of the methodology, mainly the estimation of the human health effects, in particular effects on mortality, and in the valuation of a statistical life. In the case of PM₁₀, additional uncertainty results from the small size of the air quality database. Notwithstanding the uncertainties, the indications are that the benefits exceed the costs.     

区域技术创新系统与企业核心竞争力的关系研究

积极推进区域技术创新系统建设是迎接知识经济挑战,面向21世纪加快发展的必然选择。区域技术创新系统的主体是企业,研究区域技术创新系统与企业核心竞争力的相互关系十分重要。由于区域技术创新系统持续创新的结果体现为区域核心竞争力,而区域核心竞争力最终又通过区域中的企     

Decoding codes: The dialogue between consumers and suppliers through codes of conduct in the European Community

The second Consumer Action Programme of the European Community (1981) has introduced the idea of a dialogue between producers and consumers, leading to voluntary agreements or codes of conduct. Today, several types of codes exist within the area of the European Community. They differ in their geographic origin, their adoption procedure and their modus operandi. Many codes are good examples of a new type of rule-making in European consumer affairs, namely sponsored regulation. In between the public and the private normative order, a grey area of paralegal norms is existing and developing steadily. The EC authorities often prefer to provide the conditions for rule-making by private parties instead of producing norms themselves. In those cases, codes of conduct may replace the law, substitute it, or add to it. Codes of conduct are not the only possible output of the dialogue between producers and consumers, nor are they the only example of sponsored regulation. Others are model contracts, complaint boards, and standardization institutes.

---

Der Dialog zwischen Verbrauchern und Anbietern mit Hilfe von Verhaltenskodices in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft

Zusammenfassung Das zweite Verbraucheraktionsprogramm der Europäischen Gemeinschaft aus dem Jahr 1981 führt die Idee eines Dialoges zwischen Produzenten und Konsumenten ein. Dieser Dialog soll zu freiwilligen Vereinbargungen über Verhaltensrichtlinien führen. Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die recht unterschiedlichen Formen solcher Kodices im Bereich der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Unter geographischem Gesichtspunkt werden nationale, internationale und übernationale Kodices unterschieden, unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Vereinbarungsverfahrens unilaterale, bilaterale und trilaterale Kodices, und schließlich unter dem des modus operandi ursprüngliche, gemeinschaftliche und administrierte Kodices.Zahlreiche Kodizes sind ein Beispiel für einen neuen Typ von Regulierung im Bereich europäischer Verbraucherangelegenheiten, nämlich geförderte Regulierung. Diese Form der Regulierung entwickelt sich zwischen den klassischen Formen, nämlich dem staatlich geschaffenen Recht einerseits und der privat geschaffenen Selbstregulierung andererseits. Dazwischen wächst eine Grauzone mit rechtsähnlichen Regelungen. Statt selbst Normen zu schaffen, regen die EC-Behörden die beteiligten Parteien verstärkt an, sich ihre Normen zu schaffen, indem sie ihnen die formellen und inhaltlichen Bedingungen dafür zur Verfügung stellen. Kodices sind ein Beispiel für solche geförderte Regulierung, aber nicht das einzige. Die Beziehung zwischen Kodices und Gesetzgebung ist oft komplex. Kodices können rechtliche Vorschriften ersetzen (aktive Deregulierung), anstelle von Gesetzgebung treten (vorbeugende Regulierung) oder zur Gesetzgebung hinzutreten.Schließlich sind Verhaltenskodices nicht das einzige Ergebnis des Dialoges zwischen Produzenten und Konsumenten. Andere sind Musterverträge, die von den beteiligten Seiten ausgehandelt werden, ferner Beschwerdestellen zur Behandlung von Verbruaucherbeschwerden, sowie Standardisierungseinrichtungen, die seit der neuen Politik der Kommission neue Bedeutung gewinnen.

---

---

Luc Huyse is Professor of Sociology of Law at the Faculty of Law, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Law and Society Institute, Hooverplein 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Stephan Parmentier is a Research Assistant at the Law and Society Institute. The Research was supported by grant OT/88/2 from the Research Fund of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.