Global Standards and the Dynamics of Environmental Compliance in India's Leather Industry

Abstract

The comments by Tsai illustrate some important points in the industrial policy debate, though they also reflect a misconception of the purposes of my paper. My rejoinder describes briefly the ‘revisionist’ case, noting that it provides grounds for careful government policies to overcome market failures and not for wholesale, inefficient intervention. It discusses why Tsai's critique of my interpretation of the Asian Tigers is misplaced, and goes on to argue that the ‘revisionist’ case does not underestimate the costs of government failure. It does, however, hold that selective interventions are feasible in certain circumstances, and that other developing country governments can leant from the East Asian experience.     

Product Scope and Productivity: Evidence from India's Product Reservation Policy

Protections for small enterprises are commonplace in developing countries. How do these policies affect overall industrial performance? Using exogenous variation in the timing of an Indian policy dismantling laws that “reserved” certain products for exclusive manufacture by small firms, we identify the effect of the dereservation policy on size, productivity, product churning, and other industry dynamics. Following the change, we find that firms significantly altered their product lines, leading to the reallocation of productive factors, increasing exits, and increasing total factor productivity. These effects were driven by new entrants moving into the formerly restricted product space, and in particular by multiproduct firms. Our findings underscore the importance of intrafirm heterogeneity on the impact of size‐contingent regulations, as firms' product line dynamics can be an important dimension of productivity growth.     

Non-market economic valuation in developing countries: Role of participant observation method in CVM analysis

Developing countries have high proportion of black money and related corruption in the society in comparison to the developed ones. This aspect has to be kept in mind while conducting contingent valuation method (CVM) questionnaire survey (in-person) at the site whose economic valuation is being done. Participant observation method (POM) and unstructured interview schedule (UIS) are the two means, which must be used in addition to structured interview schedule during CVM studies in developing countries to arrive at a reasonable non-market economic valuation figure of an environmental amenity. It has been observed that researchers generally ignore this fact during survey for primary data collection among respondents who are quite well off, educated and belong to countries of huge parallel economy. However in the present study, we have utilized these two means during primary data collection for a CVM study and reached the conclusion that CVM has to be used with caution even among educated masses in the developing countries.     

Sex-Typed Service Images: An Empirical Investigation of Self-Service Variables

This article presents a study of sex-typed service images based on gender research in marketing and service encounter theory. The purpose is to address the issues of how and why services as distinct from products acquire a sex-typed image. Two streams of research provide the variables hypothesized to influence sex- image determination: gender research provides individual variables related to the consumer him/herself, and service encounter research provides variables related to the service itself. Consumer variables include an individual's biological and psychological sex image and personal use, while service variables deal with the sex image of the firm's characteristic provider and typical customer. A study conducted to test the hypotheses that both sets of variables influence a service's sex-typed image is presented. Marketing implications for development and promotion of new services and re-positioning of extant ones are discussed.     

Impacts of Rising Energy Prices on Saskatchewan Agriculture

Fuel and fertilizers are major energy-related inputs used in the production of food in Saskatchewan. Impacts of rising prices of energy-related inputs on Saskatchewan agriculture are estimated with the help of a quadratic programming model of the agriculture sector, using a comparative statics approach. The model predicts that increased energy prices would cause decreases in the level of production, product demand, energy use, consumer surplus, and net returns over energy-related inputs. An increase in product prices and a large decrease in the production of low-value crops (oats and barley) are predicted. The decline in production can be attributed to the estimated large decrease in fertilizer consumption. Unless appropriate government policies are designed to deflect the above impacts, producers would experience a decline in purchasing power and a resultant drop in living standards. The practice of summerfallowing is expected to become more attractive under a regime of rising energy prices, which may have long-run implications for increasing soil degradation on the Prairies. Parmi les facteurs de production qui supposent un apport ?énergie, le carburant et les engrais jouent un rôle majeur dans la production alimentaire en Saskatchewan. Nous avons évalué les incidences de ?augmentation des prix de ces facteurs de production sur le secteur agricole de cette province canadienne, avec ?aide ?un modèle quadratique du secteur agricole et ?une méthode de statique comparative. Les résultats obtenus laissent prévoir qu'une augmentation des prix de ?énergie provoquera une baisse de la production, de la demande, de ?utilisation ?énergie, des excédents à la consommation et des revenus nets par rapport à ?utilisation des facteurs de production supposant un apport ?énergie. On peut également prévoir une augmentation des prix des produits et une importante baisse de la production de cultures de faible valeur (avoine et orge). Cette baisse de la production pourrait être attribuable à ?importante baisse estimative de la consommation ?engrais. A moins que le gouvernement ne parvienne, au moyen de politiques appropriées, a empêcher les effets susmentionnés, les producteurs subiront une réduction de leur pouvoir ?achat et, par ricochet, une baisse de leur niveau de vie. Le recours à la jachère estivale devrait paraître plus attrayant dans des conditions de hausse des prix de ?énergie, ce qui pourrait avoir des incidences à long terme sur ?augmentation de la dégradation des sols dans les Prairies.