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1.
Conclusion Trade with the Soviet Union represents only a small part of total Community trade (3.5 % of EC imports and 2.7 % of EC exports in 1990). EC imports from the Soviet Union increased moderately between 1989 and 1990 as well as between the first six months of 1990 and the corresponding period of 1991, whilst EC exports decreased sharply as a result of hard currency shortage in the Soviet Union.The CMEA and Soviet disintegration processes will lead to a substantial reorientation of trade flows. This development has already begun with large increases of trade between the EC and the Central and Eastern European countries.International assistance to the USSR mainly consists of export credits. Community assistance involves a large proportion of grants and technical assistance. The cost of assistance measures envisaged so far remains limited for Western countries.The economic effects of assistance would be enhanced if effective coordination was implemented among the providers. Adequate mechanisms such as triangular operations or the untying of assistance would be required in order to avoid crowding out traditional suppliers from Soviet markets. 相似文献
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Cristina Calvo-Porral Jean-Pierre Lévy-Mangin 《International Review of Retail, Distribution & Consumer Research》2013,23(4):431-452
In recent years the retail industry has been characterized by the fast growth of private labels, with an increase of the offer of private labels and the enhancement of their value in the marketplace. This research focuses in private label brand equity to deepen the understanding of its origins, by analyzing two alternative customer-based conceptual models. The present study was developed in the large retailing industry, comprising different retailing formats that offer private labels to consumers. Our findings suggest a conceptual private label brand equity model, which is slightly different from the Aaker's brand equity model, considering store image as an antecedent and stressing its importance in building and enhancing private labels' brand equity. Additionally, retailers searching for successful ways to compete in the retail market need to examine in more detail the customer-based brand equity related to their private labels. 相似文献
4.
Loïc Cadiou Stphane Des Jean-Pierre Laffargue 《Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control》2003,27(11-12):1961
This paper presents a vintage capital model assuming putty–clay investment and perfect foresight. The model is written in discrete time and is simulated by using a second order relaxation algorithm. By computing the eigenvalues of the dynamic system, we have checked the conditions of existence and uniqueness of a solution (Blanchard and Kahn's conditions) and identified the echo effect that characterizes vintage capital models and the related dynamics of creation and destruction. By calibrating the model on French data, it has been proved useful to explain the medium-term movements in the distribution of income in France during the last three decades. 相似文献
5.
Jean-Pierre Pagè 《Studies on Russian Economic Development》2011,22(4):351-353
The present article studies the events and processes that took place during the socioeconomic transformation in Russia. The
positive and negative consequences of the reforms are considered, and their macroeconomic results are assessed. The article
reveals the causes of the weak points in the present-day Russian economy and focuses on mistakes and wrong solutions that
should be avoided in the future. 相似文献
6.
Jean-Pierre Lehmann 《The World Economy》1982,5(2):213-216
JAPANS ECONOMIC POLICY, by G. C. Allen TRADE PROBLEMS BETWEEN JAPAN AND WESTERN EUROPE, by Masamichi Hanabusa JAPAN'S ECONOMIC AID, by Alan Rix JAPAN'S OPTIONS FOR THE 1980s. by Radha Sinha ENERGY POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE: TODAY'S PROBLEMS, Y ESTERDAY'S SOLUTIONS BRITAIN IN EUROPE, edited by William Wallace HARMONISATION IN THE EEC, edited by Carol Cosgrove Twitchett MULTINATIONALS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, edited by Krishna Kumar and Maxwell G. McLeod EUROPE UNDER STRESS, by Yao-su Hu BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY, by Lester R. Brown DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, by Sanjaya Lall BEYOND INDUSTRIALIZATION: ASCENDANCY OF THE GLOBAL SERVICE ECONOMY, by Ronald Kent Shelp INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION AND THE MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE, by John H. Dunning INSIDE THE MULTINATIONALS, by Alan M. Rugman FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY FOR THE 1980s, edited by D. Gale Johnson THE JAPANESE CHALLENGE TO US INDUSTRY, by Jack Baranson FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, by John M. Blin, Stuart I. Greenbaum and Donald P Jacobs THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF IN- DUSTRIAL POLICY, by Wyn Grant US FOREIGN POLICY AND THE THIRD WORLD: AGENDA 1982, by Roger D. Hansen et al. 相似文献
7.
Jean-Pierre Wampach 《Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie》1970,18(1):1-5
Une analyse graphique dégage, en 1961, pour ?agriculture québécoise et ontarienne, une relation entre la productivité moyenne en valeur de travail et le taux de scolarité de la population rurale agricole masculine, au niveau régional. La variable scolarité est introduite dans une fonction agrégée de production pour la province de Québec et son effet sur la production s'avère significatif. Les coefficients de régression de la variable scolarité et des autres, variables sont utilisés pour analyser les différences relatives de productivité du travail entre la région des environs de Montréal et la région de la Gaspésie-Côte-Nord. Comparativement à une analyse antérieure dont la scolaritéétait absente, celle-ci explique 6% de la différence de productivité. ?effet du taux de scolarité ne modifie guère les effets des autres variables, excepté celui de la région, qui est diminué du montant expliqué par la scolarité. La faible contribution du taux de scolaritéà?explication des différences régionales de productivité soulève la question ?un possible sous-investissement dans le capital humain en agriculture. REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND EDUCATION IN AGRICULTURE –A graphic analysis, at the regional level, in 1961, reveals in Quebec and Ontario agriculture, a relationship between the average value productivity of labour and the level of education of the agricultural rural male labor force. The education variable is introduced in the aggregate production function for Quebec agriculture and found to have a significant effect on production. The regression coefficient of the education variable is used, together with the other regression coefficients, to analyse the relative gap of labour productivity between the Montreal (environs) region and the Gaspe-Côte-Nord region. In comparison with a previous analysis excluding education, it is found that differences in education explain 6% of the gap, without altering much the effects of the other variables, except the regional effect, which is reduced by 6%. The small contribution of education to the explanation of the regional disparities in agricultural labor productivity might reflect the under investment in human capital. 相似文献
8.
This paper analyzes the feasibility of a monetary union in East Asia focusing on business cycles synchronization. Considering the critical role of trade integration in the East Asian integration process, we study whether East Asian countries are characterized by business cycle synchronization. The related empirical literature dedicated to business cycles synchronization in East Asia does not lead to firm conclusion. In this paper, we suggest a different empirical approach allowing, contrary to the previous studies, to detect endogenously structural changes in the comovement process between outputs. We apply a new measure based on the time-varying coherence function. Such a measure not only detects comovement dynamics but it distinguishes also this dynamics between short- and long-term. We compute also cohesion statistics to test if countries tend to be more synchronized or not. The main finding of this paper is that the increase in bilateral trade inside the East Asian region significantly improves long-run business cycle synchronization. The short-run influence of bilateral trade shows mixed results. Indeed, short-run cycles remain significantly influenced both by shocks hitting each country and by economic policy responses. As a consequence, more bilateral trade and convergence in economic policy constitute two complementary processes to promote business cycle synchronization. 相似文献
9.
Jean-Pierre Laffargue 《Journal of econometrics》1977,5(3):347-363
It seems quite natural for economists to decompose a series with several indexes (time, industry, etc.) into several series with one index apiece, each of which will be analyzed separately. This operation has generally been made in a linear way in the traditional analysis of variance, possibly after some transformation of the initial series. We propose to do this in a multiplicative way which does not allow us to use the basic theorems of econometrics, and which is near factor analysis. We present several kinds of estimators, study their statistical properties and finally compare our method to more classical ones, using a series of the distribution of dividends paid by French corporations, available over 11 years for 26 industries. 相似文献
10.