物联网在塞尔维亚大坝监测和管理中的应用

主要论述了物联网在塞尔维亚大坝监测和管理中的应用。因其具有发电功效,水电站大坝极具重要性,但也应重视与之相关的风险。为在塞尔维亚大坝管理中利用与大坝设施有关的信息,需要对这些信息进行整合。基于现有的系统,开发了一套信息系统,其中使用了智能网络传感器。笔者旨在介绍物联网在特定大坝安全管理系统中的应用可能性。为能纳入大量的智能传感器,定义了一个新的与监测网络中的传感器进行通信的数据采集模块。该系统能在安全指数偏离预期值时及时提供预警。     

Biofilm development during the start-up of a sulfate-reducing down-flow fluidized bed reactor at different COD/SO4(2-) ratios and HRT

In sulfate-reducing reactors, it has been reported that the sulfate removal efficiency increases when the COD/SO4(2-) ratio is increased. The start-up of a down-flow fluidized bed reactor constitutes an important step to establish a microbial community in the biofilm able to survive under the operational bioreactor conditions in order to achieve effective removal of both sulfate and organic matter. In this work the influence of COD/SO4(2-) ratio and HRT in the development of a biofilm during reactor start-up (35 days) was studied. The reactor was inoculated with 1.6 g VSS/L of granular sludge, ground low density polyethylene was used as support material; the feed consisted of mineral medium at pH 5.5 containing 1 g COD/L (acetate:lactate, 70:30) and sodium sulfate. Four experiments were conducted at HRT of 1 or 2 days and COD/SO4(2-) ratio of 0.67 or 2.5. The results obtained indicated that a COD/SO4(2-) ratio of 2.5 and HRT 2 days allowed high sulfate and COD removal (66.1 and 69.8%, respectively), whereas maximum amount of attached biomass (1.9 g SVI/L support) and highest sulfate reducing biofilm activity (10.1 g COD-H2S/g VSS-d) was achieved at HRT of 1 day and at COD/sulfate ratios of 0.67 and 2.5, respectively, which suggests that suspended biomass also played a key role in the performance of the reactors.     

Treatment of wastewater from a school in a decentralized filtration system by percolation over organic packing media

Based on results obtained in the laboratory a WWTP composed of a septic tank and an aerated percolating filter packed with organic media was built for a school. The system can treat 18 m3 d(-1) and was operated with a hydraulic loading rate of 0.078 (m3 m(-2) d(-1). For 360 days different operational conditions including start-up; stabilization; operation with aeration and non aeration; effect of rainy season, breaks from activities due to holidays and restart; were monitored and described in the article. Once stabilized, the system was able to remove, without the need for mechanical aeration, 97% of BOD5, 71% of COD, 93% of TKN, 11% of PO(4-)-P, 95% of TSS, 96% of VSS, in addition to having a removal efficiency of 4 log units of Faecal Coliforms (FC) and 100% helminthes eggs (HE). With this quality, the treated wastewater can be chlorinated and reused to irrigate green areas and/or in toilets. Although sanitary wastewater has a high concentration of Total-N (250 mg L(-1)) and a C/N ratio of less than 1, the system removed 65% of Total-N. Finally it was observed that after non activity periods, there was neither system failure nor the need to re-stabilize the system.     

Screening of organic contaminants in urban snow

Snowmelt is known to cause peak concentrations of pollutants, which may adversely affect receiving water quality. High concentrations of metals and suspended solids in snow have been reported, whereas studies on organic pollutants are rare. This study aims at investigating the occurrence of anthropogenic organic compounds in urban snow in Gothenburg (Sweden). The most frequently detected organic pollutants in the collected snow samples were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular-weight phthalates, 4-nonylphenol and 4-t-octylphenol. Brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins were only sporadically detected. In several snow samples, the concentrations of specific PAHs, alkylphenols and phthalates were higher than reported stormwater concentrations and European water quality standards. Pollutant source identification and sustainable management of snow are important instruments for the mitigation of organic contaminants in the urban environment.     

Clonal variation in reproductive response to temperature by a potential bulking control agent, Lecane inermis (Rotifera)

The novel idea of using rotifers Lecane inermis (Rotifera, Monogononta) as a tool to overcome activated sludge bulking generates an on-going need to study rotifer biology. The results of biological research on rotifers can serve to improve the method so that it can be most effective when applied in treatment plants. The aim of this study was to test the effect of temperature on four selected rotifer clones originating from different treatment plants. The rate of population development from a single individual (parthenogenetic female) during a 10-day experiment was measured at three temperatures: 8, 15 and 20 degrees C. The temperatures used reflect the annual temperature distribution in the majority of municipal wastewater treatment plants in the temperate zone. The growth rate coefficient (r) and doubling time (tD) were calculated for each clone. Under the most favourable conditions (20 degrees C), rvalues varied between 0.41 and 0.47 d and doubling time between 1.5 and 1.7 d. At a temperature of 15 degrees C, the doubling time was approximately two times longer (2.5-3.4 d). The strongest intraspecific variations were observed at the lowest temperature of 8 degrees C. At this temperature, one of the clones almost failed to proliferate, and another exhibited a doubling time of 7.9 d. The doubling times were a few times greater for the remaining two clones (60 d for Lk1, 33.3 d for Lk4). These results could be very useful in predicting the chances that the rotifers would survive in a biological reactor in a wastewater treatment plant at the temperatures used in these reactors.     

长河坝水电站出线竖井开挖支护施工

长河坝水电站出线竖井属于超深竖井,开挖断面大,工期紧,采用两次扩挖,溜渣井采用造环向辐射孔、自下而上分段爆破,减少了人工扒渣量,确保施工进度;为了提高起吊系统的安全系数,采用两台同步卷扬机、双绳起吊,井内、井外双控操作,强化安全技术措施与安全管理制度的落实,确保竖井施工安全。     

定型组合钢模在斜切式隧道洞门施工中的应用

在浅埋短隧道洞室群隧道洞门施工中受场地狭小限制等条件不利于定型钢模衬砌台车施作洞门拱墙时,采用满堂脚手架与钢拱架上铺定型组合弧形钢模配合衬砌台车整体一次性施工隧道洞门拱墙,可以解决定型钢模衬砌台车的模板庞大笨重、安拆吊装设备的场地狭小受限,以及模板拆装倒运周转成本费用较大等问题,从而满足设计要求并达到施工质量要求。     

甲岩水电站右岸泄洪洞旋流竖井Ⅱ期开挖支护施工

介绍甲岩水电站右岸泄洪洞旋流竖井在Ⅱ期开挖、支护施工阶段可选用几种施工方案。通过对几种施工方案的可行性、经济性比较,选择了从竖井上部用电动单梁起重机悬挂渣斗出渣、起吊施工材料设备的方案,在施工过程中起重机运行良好,用107 d完成右岸泄洪洞Ⅱ期开挖支护施工,比原计划提前了15 d。     

冷水机组在天花板水电站大坝混凝土温控中的运用

随着混凝土大坝对温控要求的越来越高,大坝大体积混凝土浇筑内部埋设通水冷却管,这就要求大坝混凝土冷却水必需采取人工制冷水,才能达到设计通水温度的要求。冷水机组的运用在混凝土大坝的施工中将越来越普遍。