桐子林水电站明渠导流方案优化研究

欠宽阔覆盖层河道采用明渠导流宣泄大流量时,施工度汛所面临的水力学问题突出。对桐子林水电站导流明渠3种布置方案进行了系统模型试验。研究表明:底宽44 m明渠方案出口流速高达17 m/s,消能防冲难度极大,采用钢筋石笼和四面体防护失事风险很高;若在明渠末端增加消力池,由于明渠水流弗氏数Fr1.5,消能效果无法提高,明渠出口流速仍达13 m/s;结合闸坝地基采用地下连续墙加固等措施,可将明渠宽度增加至62 m,明渠出口流速减小至10 m/s,钢筋石笼和四面体稳定性大大提高,能够有效解决明渠出口消能防冲问题。试验表明,采用宽明渠方案是解决大单宽流量明渠出口下游消能防冲的有效方法。     

向家坝水电站泄洪消能关键技术研究与实践

向家坝水电站泄洪消能具有"高水头、大单宽流量、泄洪频繁、多泥沙"的特点,其泄洪消能方式受雾化、通航、排沙以及地质条件等方面的制约;通过采用高低坎泄洪消能方案,攻克了向家坝水电站泄洪消能技术难点;达到了雾化影响小、消能效率高、消力池临底流速小、下游水流平顺、泄洪运行方式灵活、悬移质能安全过坝的效果。模型试验、数值分析和原型监测成果表明,立轴漩涡临底强度较低,原型监测尚未观测到立轴漩涡;磨蚀、水流空化、闸门流激振动等方面的水力特性都在允许的范围内;经受了三个汛期的泄洪考验。下游县城紧邻水电站,且局部城区位于古河道的不利地质条件,部分泄洪工况时出现了下游县城局部区域房屋门窗振动现象。通过溪洛渡、向家坝两库联合调度和优化闸门运行方式,振动强度得到显著减小,使门窗振动问题得到有效控制,各项振动量值均在国家规定的人身舒适性评价标准的容许限值之内。     

分层型水库取水水温量纲分析及其影响因素研究

水温分层作为影响库区水生生态系统的重要因素逐渐成为研究热点。影响下泄水温的主要因素包括:坝前水温梯度、取水水头、取水流量、取水口宽度、温跃层厚度、重力加速度等。通过量纲分析法,基于π定理尝试建立了溢流式分层取水下泄水温估算模型。采用SAS 9.3统计软件对实验数据进行了回归分析,提出了下泄水温估算方程,相关系数达到95.6%。研究结果表明,水温梯度项为下泄水温估算的最主要因素,其次为取水水头项,最后为流量项;随着坝前水温温跃层强度增大,下泄水温升高,且强度越大,对下泄水温的影响越显著;下泄水温随取水水头的增加而降低,下泄水温降低幅度明显小于取水水头变幅;当取水流量逐渐增大时,下泄水温逐渐升高,但取水流量大于临界值时,下泄水温转而表现出缓慢下降趋势;在本文研究范围内,估算方程可以用于较好地预测下泄水温,预测结果与实验数据的相关系数为99.4%。     

Experimental study of the interaction between the spark-induced cavitation bubble and the air bubble

Experiments are carried out by using high-speed photography to investigate the interaction between the spark-generated cavitation bubble and the air bubble in its surrounding fluid. Three problems are discussed in detail： the impact of the air bubble upon the development of the cavitation bubble, the evolution of the air bubble under the influence of the cavitation bubble, and the change of the fluid pressure during the development of a micro jet of the cavitation bubble. Based on the experimental results, under the condition of no air bubble present, the lifetime of the cavitation bubble from expansion to contraction increases with the increase of the maximum radius. On the other hand, when there is an air bubble present, different sized cavitation bubbles have similarity with one another generally in terms of the lifetime from expansion to contraction, which does not depend on the maximum radius. Also, with the presence of an air bubble, the lifetime of the smaller cavitation bubble is extended while that of the bigger ones reduced. Furthermore, it is shown in the experiment that the low pressure formed in the opposite direction to the cavitation bubble micro jet makes the air bubble in the low pressure area being stretched into a steplike shape.     

桐子林水电站明渠弯道流场三维数值模拟

采用κ～ε紊流模型结合自由面追踪的VOF方法对桐子林水电站明渠弯道消力池流场进行了三维数值模拟,并与物理模型试验值进行了比较,结果表明,计算值与试验值吻合良好.数值模拟获得了物理模型试验难以测量的流场详细信息,尤其是横向紊动特性及其发展演变的过程,结果令人满意.计算结果为导流明渠体型优化提供了重要参考,表明数值模拟应用于导流建筑物的体型优化研究中具有独特优势.