How does social distancing affect the reach of an epidemic in social networks? We present Monte Carlo simulation results of a susceptible–infected–removed with social distancing model. The key feature of the model is that individuals are limited in the number of acquaintances that they can interact with, thereby constraining disease transmission to an infectious subnetwork of the original social network. While increased social distancing typically reduces the spread of an infectious disease, the magnitude varies greatly depending on the topology of the network, indicating the need for policies that are network dependent. Our results also reveal the importance of coordinating policies at the ‘global’ level. In particular, the public health benefits from social distancing to a group (e.g. a country) may be completely undone if that group maintains connections with outside groups that are not following suit.
In the United States, the residential housing market went through important changes over the period from the 1970s to the mid-1990s. Although the aggregate homeownership rate was relatively stable during that period, the distribution of homeownership rates by age changed in remarkable ways. While younger households saw substantial declines in homeownership rates, the opposite happened for older households. In this paper, we argue that the skill-biased technological change (SBTC) that began during the 1970s has been an important factor behind the observed change in the distribution of homeownership rates by age. We build a life cycle model in which skills are accumulated on-the-job through experience: learning by doing. Early in life, households have lower levels of skills and therefore lower earnings. SBTC increases the returns to skill, widening the wage gap between young and old ages. As a consequence, it takes more time for young households to become homeowners given frictions in financial markets (e.g. downpayment requirements) and housing markets (e.g. large and indivisible houses), in line with consumption smoothing behavior. On the other hand, older households that could not afford a house before may now become homeowners, given higher returns to skill. Our analysis confirms this conjecture, namely, that SBTC shifts the distribution of homeownership from the young to the old. 相似文献
In this paper, we examine the respective roles of efficiency and of market power considerations in explaining why industrial groups are the predominant form of organization in specific industries. Our econometric analysis of French industrial groups suggests that administrative and organizational efficiency is an adequate explanation for the existence of these groups and that rivalry between groups differently integrated and diversified is more likely to be the case than collusion. 相似文献
Academics produce science and teaching which requires specific unobservable characteristics. Applying the multi-dimensional
screening methodology of Armstrong and Rochet (European Economic Review, 43, 959–979, 1999), it is shown that universities optimally propose a menu of contracts to academics: high powered incentives for those who
are productive and lower ones for other agents. In some cases, the university can write a single contract for both tasks to
increase production. An academic is then expected to produce more teaching to show that she likes science, which is an argument
to produce science and teaching in a single institution: universities. These results are discussed in light of economic, sociological
and educational literature.
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While downsizing has been widely studied, its connection to firm ownership status and the reasons behind it are missing from
extant research. We explore the relationship between downsizing and family ownership status among Fortune 500 firms. We␣propose
that family firms downsize less than non-family firms, irrespective of performance, because their relationship with employees
is based on normative commitments rather than financial performance alone. We suggest that their actions are related to employee-
and community-friendly policies. We find that family businesses do downsize less irrespective of financial performance considerations.
However, their actions are not related to their employee- or community-friendly practices. The results raise issues related
to the motivations of large multinationals to␣downsize and the drivers of their stakeholder management practices.
Eleni T. Stavrou is an Assistant Professor of Management and Organization at the Department of Public and Business Administration of the University
of Cyprus. She received her Ph.D. in Management and Organization from George Washington University, USA. Her work has been
published in various academic journals including Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Journal of Applied Social Psychology,
Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Small Business Management, International Small Business Journal and Journal
of European Industrial Training. Her research interests are: flexibility at work, strategic human resource management, succession
planning, group and family dynamics, intergenerational transitions, and organizational culture.
George I. Kassinis is an Assistant Professor of Management at the Department of Public and Business Administration of the University of Cyprus.
He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University, USA. His work has been published in various academic journals including the
Academy of Management Journal, Production and Operations Management and Strategic Management Journal. His research focuses
on stakeholders, organizations and the natural environment, environmental management issues in services, social networks,
and industrial ecology. He serves on the editorial board of Organisation Studies.
Alexis Filotheou holds an MSc in Finance from the University of Cyprus and is currently employed in the private sector in Cyprus. 相似文献
In a laboratory experiment we test three regulations imposed on a common-pool resource game with heterogeneous users: an access fee and subsidy scheme, transferable quotas and non-transferable quotas. We calibrate the game so that all regulations improve users’ profits compared to free-access extraction. We compare the regulations according to five criteria: resource preservation, individual profits, profit difference, Pareto-improvement from free-access and sorting of the most efficient users. One of the main findings is that, even though it performs better in sorting out the most efficient subjects, the fee and subsidy scheme is not more profitable than tradable quotas. 相似文献
This paper introduces new measures of the mean and variance of inflation and growth expectations, based on tendency survey data from four major European economies. The expectations measures are technically ‘irrational’, but more accurate than naive alternatives; expectations errors do not persist for more than a year. Unexpected inflation, and uncertainties about inflation and growth, play the roles assigned them by New Classical macroeconomic theory, respectively raising and lowering real activity. All the expectations, uncertainties and errors appear more closely correlated across countries than experience would justify, suggesting that unpredictable disturbances typically have an internal rather than an international origin. 相似文献