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1.
This report addresses two key questions for today's top executives: Do acquisitions create value for acquirers? And under what circumstances have acquisitions created the most value for acquiring shareholders?
The authors' analysis of over 1,500 completed deals by non-financial companies in the United States over the past 12 years shows that, at announcement, acquirers' shareholders suffer small losses, on average, in the short term around the initial deal announcement. Over longer intervals, such as one or two years following the announcement of the transaction, acquirers tend to slightly outperform industry peers.
The average or median market response hides tremendous variability in how the market has reacted to individual deals, however. This article provides evidence that the "right" M&A transaction can create substantial value for acquirers. One-quarter of the transactions lead to market-adjusted gains in excess of 5% for the acquirer and oneeighth of the transactions lead to gains in excess of 10% in the short term. However, some deals have also destroyed substantial shareholder value.
Financing structure is a key driver of the stock market reaction. Stock-financed transactions, on average, have a negative stock market reaction, while cash-financed transactions have benefited acquirers in both the short term as well as the long term.
Acquisitions of private companies or assets and units of public companies have consistently generated higher returns for acquirers than purchases of public companies.
Moreover, EPS dilution is not a major driver of how the stock market reacts to a deal. Although "accretive" deals perform slightly better than "dilutive" ones in the short and long run, the difference is small and not statistically significant. Over the long run, acquiring shareholders have benefited the most from deals within the same industry and that avoid targets with relatively optimistic earnings growth projections. 相似文献
The authors' analysis of over 1,500 completed deals by non-financial companies in the United States over the past 12 years shows that, at announcement, acquirers' shareholders suffer small losses, on average, in the short term around the initial deal announcement. Over longer intervals, such as one or two years following the announcement of the transaction, acquirers tend to slightly outperform industry peers.
The average or median market response hides tremendous variability in how the market has reacted to individual deals, however. This article provides evidence that the "right" M&A transaction can create substantial value for acquirers. One-quarter of the transactions lead to market-adjusted gains in excess of 5% for the acquirer and oneeighth of the transactions lead to gains in excess of 10% in the short term. However, some deals have also destroyed substantial shareholder value.
Financing structure is a key driver of the stock market reaction. Stock-financed transactions, on average, have a negative stock market reaction, while cash-financed transactions have benefited acquirers in both the short term as well as the long term.
Acquisitions of private companies or assets and units of public companies have consistently generated higher returns for acquirers than purchases of public companies.
Moreover, EPS dilution is not a major driver of how the stock market reacts to a deal. Although "accretive" deals perform slightly better than "dilutive" ones in the short and long run, the difference is small and not statistically significant. Over the long run, acquiring shareholders have benefited the most from deals within the same industry and that avoid targets with relatively optimistic earnings growth projections. 相似文献
2.
This article examines the debate on reforms in industrial relations law in India, needed to support its economic liberalisation programme. Analysing a distinctively Indian experience of state intervention in industrial relations, it concludes that the thrust of the reform should be towards entrusting union recognition and promotion of dispute settlement to an authority that is independent of the state executive. 相似文献
3.
This paper examines the role of patent licensing in the age of outsourcing. When firms rely on outsourced inputs, a patent
holder’s decision to license has both competitive and supplier pricing effects. By issuing a license, the firm increases competition
in the product market. At the same time, the need to make royalty payments “weakens” the firm’s rival, making it more sensitive
to supplier pricing. The supplier responds by softening pricing terms, and the firm benefits by siphoning some of these gains
via the license fee. Not only can the licensor gain, but all other parties (the licensee, supplier, and consumers) can also
benefit. This role of licensing presents additional considerations for regulators shaping patent laws.
We thank Michael Crew, John Fellingham, Sharon Oster, David Sappington, Doug Schroeder, and two anonymous referees for helpful
comments. Anil Arya acknowledges support from the John J. Gerlach Chair. 相似文献
4.
5.
In this article, we define a new construct for urban economic and investment analysis, which revisits the conventional wisdom that investment in real estate development is riskier than investment in stabilized property assets. This new construct, referred as a “development asset value index” (DAVI), is a value index for newly developed properties (only) in a given geographical property market. It tracks longitudinal changes in the highest and best use (HBU) value of locations, and it reveals developer and landowner behavior taking advantage of the optionality inherent in land ownership. In particular, the DAVI reflects developers' use of flexibility in the exercise of the call option to (re)develop the property to any legal use and density. We empirically estimate a DAVI for commercial property (i.e., central locations) and compare it with a corresponding traditional transaction‐price‐based property asset price index (PAPI) corrected for depreciation. We believe that the difference primarily reflects the realized value of flexibility in land development. We find that the DAVIs display greater value growth and are smoother over time and less cyclical than their corresponding PAPIs for the same locations. This suggests that developers successfully use flexibility, and that development may be riskier than stabilized property investment due primarily only to leverage effects (construction costs). Practical implications are also discussed. 相似文献
6.
Anil?AryaEmail author Jonathan?Glover Brian?Mittendorf Li?Zhang 《Review of Accounting Studies》2004,9(4):399-417
One role of accounting is to discipline softer (more manipulable) sources of information. We use a principal-agent model of hidden actions and hidden information to study this role. In our model, there is both a verifiable signal (a publicly observed output) and an unverifiable signal (a productivity parameter privately observed by the agent). In a one-period setting, the optimal contract does not make use of the agents report on the private signal. However, when the output is tracked over two periods, the agents communication can be valuable. This reversal of results suggests uncovering the disciplining role of accounting may require a long-term perspective.JEL Classification: D82, M41 相似文献
7.
A sophisticated welfare analysis developed by Morris and Kis (1996) is presented here for the study of the effect of a product charge tax on the car tyre market in Hungary. The analysis is extended and complemented in this paper by, first, using the AIDS model and an algorithm developed by Galarraga and Markandya (2000) to estimate demand elasticities from limited data and, second, including the income effects into the analysis. The latter does not have much impact on the results but the generalisation of the model might be useful for the analysis of different goods where the proportion of income spent on them is more important. 相似文献
8.
This article applies new insights into business strategies and high‐performance work systems (HPWSs) to examine why organizations adopt work‐life balance programs (WLBPs). Results indicate that a product leadership business strategy is positively related to the likelihood of adopting WLBPs, whereas a cost leadership business strategy is negatively related to the adoption of these programs. Moreover, our analyses establish a mediating role of HPWSs in the relationship between business strategies and the adoption of WLBPs. Our results also demonstrate that different industries vary in adoption of work‐life balance programs. This supports the institutional theory of organizational responsiveness to work‐life balance issues. We tested our hypotheses with two waves of the nationally representative Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey. Implications and specific suggestions for human resource practitioners are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
9.
Valuing a change in the risk of death is a key input into the calculation of the benefits of environmental policies that save
lives. Typically such risks are monetized using the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL). Since the majority of the lives saved
by environmental policies are those of older persons, there has been much recent debate about whether the VSL should be lower
for the elderly to reflect their fewer remaining life years. We conducted a contingent valuation survey in the UK, Italy and
France designed to answer this question. The survey was administered in these three countries following a standardized protocol.
Our results suggest that the VSL is €1.022 million or €2.264 million, depending on whether we use median or mean WTP. The
VSL is not significantly lower for older persons, but is higher for persons who have been admitted to a hospital or emergency
room for cardiovascular and respiratory problems. Income is positively and significantly associated with WTP. The income elasticities
of the WTP increase gradually with income levels and are between 0.15 and 0.5 for current income levels in EU countries. We
use the responses to the WTP questions to estimate the value of an extension in remaining life expectancy. The value of a
loss of one year’s life expectancy is €54,000 or €163,000. 相似文献
10.
Donald R. Lehmann Jennifer Ames Stuart Gita Venkataramani Johar Anil Thozhur 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2007,35(3):309-316
This paper proposes that customers often respond to brand extension concepts by visualizing the product. We call this process
spontaneous visualization and suggest that it precedes concept evaluations. In two studies, we show that spontaneous visualization
is enhanced by the fit between the parent brand and the extension category and by the ease with which the product category
can be imagined. The appeal of the visualized image in turn determines whether visualization enhances or decreases concept
evaluations. In addition, we find a stronger link between product evaluations and delayed choice when evaluations are based
on visualization; evaluations based on visualization hence appear to be more “valid” in the sense of predicting subsequent
behavior. Implications of these findings and ideas for future research are discussed.
相似文献
Donald R. LehmannEmail: |