A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE ON FARMER COOPERATIVES: PERFORMANCE,OWNERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE,FINANCE, AND MEMBER ATTITUDE

The empirical literature on farmer cooperatives is now fast emerging and developing in the areas of performance, ownership and governance, finance, and member attitude. We discuss 56 peer‐reviewed publications to illustrate the main findings and conclusions while outlining challenges and opportunities for future research. Generally, cooperative membership is found to positively impact price, yield, input adoption, income, and other indicators of member performance, yet there is growing evidence of an uneven distribution of benefits for small and large producers. In terms of structure, evidence of a causal relationship of ownership and governance to performance has been elusive, yet there are now many findings of inherent equity and long‐term debt constraints, often in the context of consolidation to drive scale and scope economies. Further inefficiency is observed to be driven by increased heterogeneity in member attitudes and objectives, in particular in terms of commitment and participation. Thus, overall, empirical work portrays farmer cooperatives as flawed and complex business organizations which nonetheless have a strong positive impact on its members. While applied research may progress in various directions, a general improvement in empirical methodologies is needed to allow robust analysis of mixed objectives in dynamic environments.     

财务共享服务模式下的应付账款业务流程改进研究

财务共享服务模式的推行使企业会计核算模块中的各项业务流程得以再造,应付账款业务流程就是其中之一.纳入财务共享服务中心核算的应付账款业务在对传统核算模式进行革新的同时,也面临着一系列问题,本文通过对共享服务模式下企业应付账款业务流程进行分析,提出相关的问题对策和改进应付账款业务流程的建议,以提升财务共享服务中心对应付账款业务的处理水平.     

Strategic trade policy for Eastern Europe

The integration of the former state-trading countries into international free trade may, on the one hand, sensibly complement the reforms now under way towards their becoming market economies; on the other hand, this move harbours the risk of perpetuating and indeed aggravating the economic backwardness of those countries. The detrimental effects can be avoided if a product-cycle-oriented economic policy is pursued which makes a deliberate point of utilizing the relatively rich endowment of human capital available in these countries.     

资源配置、贸易条件与中国加入AFTA的动因及前景分析

区域经济一体化是国际贸易走向自由化的重要途径,但传统理论中基于资源配置的收益分析并不能解释区域经济一体化的动因。从贸易条件的角度对区域经济一体化的动因进行分析,结果显示,追求贸易条件的改善是发展中国家经济自由化改革中实行区域一体化的一个极其重要的动因。     

工程项目管理虚拟组织的构建及运行

建筑工程项目管理是一项复杂的系统工程，面对知识经济的挑战，针对当前的建筑工程项目应如何进行科学管理问题，提出应利用虚拟组织的形式，借助网络平台在工程项目管理中引入知识管理，通过管理各方知识的交流、整合、优化、应用，实现建筑工程整体化，力争以最小的成本最佳的完成项目的建设目标。     

Competitive effects of Basel II on US bank credit card lending

We analyze the potential competitive effects of the proposed Basel II capital regulations on US bank credit card lending. We find that bank issuers operating under Basel II will face higher regulatory capital minimums than Basel I banks, with differences due to the way the two regulations treat reserves and gain-on-sale of securitized assets. During periods of normal economic conditions, this is not likely to have a competitive effect; however, during periods of substantial stress in credit card portfolios, Basel II banks could face a significant competitive disadvantage relative to Basel I banks and nonbank issuers.     

我国房地产中介服务业的发展机遇和对策

本文阐述了住房新体制给房地产中介服务业带来的发展机遇,并分析了在该机遇下应采取的对策。目的在于建议政府部门对房地产中介服务业加以培育、规范和引导,以给该行业的发展营造较好的成长环境。同时,房地产中介服务业应把握机遇,努力提高自身素质,以促进城镇住房制度改革的进一步深化。     

基于并行工程的房地产开发模式

并行工程是(concurrent engineering简称CE)一种系统工程方法，现在越来越广泛地得到应用。房地产开发过程中存在许多不易调和的矛盾，寻找一种新的整体管理模式变得非常必要，并行工程可以从管理理念及管理程序上解决这些问题。     

网络时代中间商发展趋势及特点浅谈

阐述了中间商、新中间商的概念,归纳、分析了中间商在网络时代下存在的必要性、可能性及其发展的新特点和可能趋势。     

龙胜县乡村旅游发展中存在的问题与对策

随着龙胜县乡村旅游的快速发展，一些影响其可持续发展的问题逐渐显现出来。在实地调查的基础上，分析了该县乡村旅游发展中存在的主要问题，提出了加快该县乡村旅游发展步伐的对策，供相关决策者参考。