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1.
Changes in total surplus are traditional measures of economic welfare. We propose necessary and sufficient conditions for
rationalizing individual and aggregate consumer demand data with individual quasilinear and homothetic utility functions.
Under these conditions, consumer surplus is a valid measure of consumer welfare. For nonmarketed goods, we propose necessary
and sufficient conditions on input market data for efficient production, i.e. production at minimum cost. Under these conditions
we derive a cost function for the nonmarketed good, where producer surplus is the area above the marginal cost curve.
We are greatful to helpful remarks and comments of the referees and the editor. The work is partially supported by the Spanish
Ministry of Science and Technology, through Grant BEC2002-2130, the Generalitat de Catlaunya, through Grant 2005SGR-00454
and the Barcelona Economics Program (CREA). 相似文献
2.
This paper contributes to the literature on fiscal equalization and corporate tax competition. The innovation is that we explicitly model multinational enterprises and a corporate tax system that is designed according to formula apportionment. Two main results are obtained. First, in contrast to previous studies we identify cases where tax revenue equalization is better in mitigating detrimental tax competition than tax base equalization. Second, tax base equalization nevertheless has the advantage that it may render tax rates efficient, depending on the shape of the apportionment formula. A pure payroll formula does not ensure efficiency, but a back‐of‐the‐envelope calibration of our model to Canadian provinces suggests that a pure sales formula may be optimal. 相似文献
3.
Accounting for Negative,Zero and Positive Willingness to Pay for Landscape Change in a National Park
Nick Hanley Sergio Colombo Bengt Kriström Fiona Watson 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2009,60(1):1-16
In contingent valuation, despite the fact that many externalities manifest themselves as costs to some and benefits to others, most studies restrict willingness to pay to being non‐negative. In this paper, we investigate the impact of allowing for negative, zero and positive preferences for prospective changes in woodland cover in two UK national parks, the Lake District and the Trossachs. An extended spike model is used to accomplish this. The policy implications of not allowing for negative values in terms of aggregate benefits are also investigated, by comparing the extended spike model with a simple spike making use of only zero and positive bids, and a model which considers positive bids only. We find that ignoring negative values over‐states the aggregate benefits of a woodland planting project by up to 44%. 相似文献
4.
In this paper, we examine the trade off between different effects of the availability of venture capital on the speed of technological
progress in an industry. We consider an evolutionary industry simulation model based on Nelson and Winter (1982), in which R&D efforts of an incumbent firm generate technological know-how embodied in key R&D employees, who might use
this know-how to found a spinoff of the incumbent. Venture capital is needed to finance a spinoff, so that the expected profits
from founding a spinoff depend on how easily venture capital can be acquired. Accordingly, thick venture capital markets might
have two opposing effects. First, incentives of firms to invest in R&D might be reduced and, second, if spinoff formation
results in technological spillovers between the parent firm and the spinoffs, the generation of spinoff firms might positively
influence the future efficiency of the incumbent’s innovation efforts. We study the manner in which this tradeoff influences
the effect of venture capital on innovation expenditures, speed of technological change and evolution of industry concentration
in several scenarios with different industry characteristics. 相似文献
5.
We introduce non‐homothetic preferences in the Dixit–Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition, and enquire about the effects of a change in income dispersion on the firms’ optimal decisions and market equilibrium. Income dispersion, modeled as a mean preserving spread, is shown to affect only the degree of product differentiation under the standard negligibility hypothesis on the firms’ decision making process, while it generates a positive co‐movement of demand and demand elasticity, when this assumption is removed and the price index effect is taken into account. 相似文献
6.
Exploring the contribution of innovation intermediaries to the new product development (NPD) process: a typology and an empirical study 下载免费PDF全文
In the ‘knowledge economy’ upheld by the European Lisbon strategy, knowledge‐intensive services are considered a key driver for innovation and competitiveness. A category of knowledge‐intensive services that has become of utmost importance in the last few decades is new product development (NPD) services, which interconnect distant knowledge domains with the client firms. In addition to NPD service providers, web‐based innovation intermediaries have started to help innovative firms access dispersed bodies of knowledge. Despite the heterogeneity of their characteristics, however, a clear typology of the strategies used by traditional NPD service providers and web‐based intermediaries to interact with their knowledge sources and with their clients is missing. This typology would be very useful for those firms that are willing to collaborate with innovation intermediaries because it could highlight the typologies of NPD problems different intermediaries are apt to address and the managerial challenges that working with them entails. Developing such a classification framework is the main goal of this paper. The typology proposed in this paper suggests that innovation intermediaries should be distinguished based on the following: (1) the way they access their distributed knowledge sources and (2) the way they deliver value to their clients. By combining these two dimensions, four categories of innovation intermediaries are identified, which are named brokers, mediators, collectors and connectors. A multiple case study analysis involving four innovation intermediaries and 12 of their clients is presented in the paper. The analysis provides exploratory insights into (1) the typologies of NPD problems that each class of intermediaries addresses and (2) the managerial challenges that working with each of them entails. These preliminary findings call for further theoretical and empirical research into the complex interaction among innovation intermediaries, their dispersed sources of knowledge and their clients. 相似文献
7.
Stefano Colombo 《Australian economic papers》2015,54(1):38-42
This note indicates that the derivation of the royalty contract for licensing in Wang and Yang (Australian Economic Papers, 39 (1999) 106–119) is not correct. As a consequence, the profits of the innovator in the case of royalty licensing are underestimated. 相似文献
8.
Andrea Bonaccorsi Massimo G. Colombo Massimiliano Guerini Cristina Rossi-Lamastra 《Small Business Economics》2014,43(2):261-287
This paper investigates how far in space university knowledge goes to breed the creation of knowledge-intensive firms (KIFs), depending on the nature (either codified or tacit) and quality of this knowledge. We consider the impact of knowledge codified in academic patents and scientific publications and tacit knowledge embodied in university graduates on KIF creation in Italian provinces in 2010, while distinguishing between local university knowledge created by universities located in the same province and external university knowledge created by universities located outside the province. Our econometric estimates indicate that the positive effects of scientific publications and university graduates are confined within the boundaries of the province in which universities are located. Conversely, the creation of new KIFs in a focal province is positively affected by both local and external university knowledge codified in academic patents, even though the positive effect of this external knowledge rapidly diminishes with geographic distance. Furthermore, the above effects are confined to high-quality universities; low-quality universities have little effect on KIF creation. 相似文献
9.
Stefano Colombo 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2011,11(4):325-349
We study the pricing policy equilibria emerging in a partial collusion duopolistic framework where firms in the first stage
of the game choose non-cooperatively the pricing strategy (perfect price discrimination or uniform pricing), and from the
second stage onward collude on prices. We show that for intermediate discount factors and high firms’ asymmetry, the unique
equilibrium is characterized by only the smaller firm choosing price discrimination. In the case of intermediate discount
factors and low firms’ asymmetry, there are two possible equilibria: both firms price discriminate or no firm price discriminates.
When the discount factor is particularly high or particularly low both firms price discriminate in equilibrium. 相似文献
10.
In this paper, we aim at investigating from a game‐theory perspective whether trade liberalization can promote a collusive two‐way trade. We show that, under Cournot competition, economic integration is anti‐competitive if collusive trade is a possible outcome of the repeated game; under price competition, the likelihood of collusive trade is a necessary but not sufficient condition for trade liberalization to be pro‐competitive. Furthermore, we show that economic integration may increase the scope for collusion irrespective of the firms’ strategic variable. 相似文献