A cost-effectiveness analysis of revaccination and catch-up strategies with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in older adults in Japan

Objective: In Japan, the National Immunization Program (NIP) includes PPV23 as the primary vaccination for adults and catch-up cohorts. The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases recommends revaccination for older adults who received primary vaccination ≥5 years earlier. The cost-effectiveness of adding revaccination and/or continuing catch-up vaccination in the NIP was evaluated from the public payer perspective in Japan.

Methods: The Markov model included five health states: no pneumococcal disease, invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD), non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP), post-meningitis sequelae, and death. Cohorts of adults aged 65–95 were followed until age 100 or death: 2014 cohort (aged 65–95, vaccinated: 2014); 2019 cohort (aged 65: 2019); and 2019 catch-up cohort (aged 70–100: 2019, unvaccinated: 2014). Strategies included: (1) vaccinate 2014 and 2019 cohorts; (2) vaccinate 2014 and 2019 cohorts and revaccinate both; (3) strategy 1 and vaccinate 2019 catch-up cohort; (4) strategy 2 and vaccinate 2019 catch-up cohort; and (5) strategy 4 and revaccinate 2019 catch-up cohort. Parameters were retrieved from global and Japanese sources, costs and QALYs discounted at 2%, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) estimated.

Results: Strategy 1 had the highest number of IPD and NBPP cases, and strategy 5 the lowest. Strategies 3–5 dominated strategy 1 and strategy 2 was cost-effective compared to strategy 1 (ICER: ¥1,622,153 per QALY gained). At a willingness-to-pay threshold of ¥5 million per QALY gained, strategy 2 was cost-effective and strategies 3–5 were cost-saving compared to strategy 1.

Conclusions: Strategies including revaccination, catch-up, or both were cost-effective or cost-saving in comparison to no revaccination and no catch-up. Results can inform future vaccine policies and programs in Japan.     

煤炭企业改革发展要有新举措

“加快建立现代企业制度,实现企业制度创新;加快主辅分离,促进剥离改制;加快技术进步,提高创新能力”是煤炭企业改革发展关键之所在……     

保税区转型中的金融环境建设

我国保税区的发展已进入战略调整与体制转型的关键时期,无论是区域扩张、港区联动,还是企业运营,都对其金融环境的完善提出了新的要求.为此,应在对保税区金融服务进行评价的基础上,从软环境和硬环境两个方面,探讨转型过程中保税区金融环境重构的战略措施.     

成功体育在学校体育教学中的应用

要改变一部分学生在以往体育学习和锻炼中屡遭落后和失败的命运,让学生不断产生成功的情感体验,从而对体育养成习惯、积极参与.据此,本文着力从培养学生的体育兴趣、体验成功的机会、培养学生的自信心以及体育课的考核与评价的改革这四个方面来探讨成功体育在体育教学中的应用.     

基于博弈论的商业银行内部监督问题研究

近年来，国有商业银行连续发生了一些重大案件。这些案件多发生在国有商业银行的基层分支机构．案件的当事人多是基层银行所处管理层级别较高的管理者，而且有些案件发生的隐患长期得不到发现和消除。本文从博弈论和信息经济学的角度，分析了为什么随着银行员工所处管理层级的提高银行员工的偷懒行为或道德风险行为越来越难发现，并建议使用基层商业银行内部监督的两个工具，加强商业银行内部监督。     

建设天津北方国际物流中心的几点思考

党中央、国务院从我国经济社会发展全局出发,作出了推进天津滨海新区开发开放的重要战略部署.建设天津北方国际物流中心面临新的发展机遇,要有新的思路.     

“以市场换技术”辨析

长期以来在招商引资和技术引进方面,存在着以市场换技术争论,文章从技术主要供应方跨国公司和技术引进方变化进行分析,认为市场准入与技术引进正在脱离联系,旧思路、政策、争论应该结束,提出在制定政策时要有突破某些束缚;进一步解放思想是制定新技术引进政策保障。     

试论人力资本的投资回报路径

人力资本与物质资本虽然在生产经营过程中关系密切,但由于两者的投入性质和方式不同,投资回报的性质和路径也不同。研究和区分人力资本与物质资本的不同投资回报路径,把握人力资本投资回报路径的特性,有利于政府在公共管理中推动人力资本的生成,有利于完善激励机制,发挥人力资本的潜能。     

The Impact of Regulation Fair Disclosure on Information Asymmetry and Trading: An Intraday Analysis

This study examines the impact of Regulation Fair Disclosure (FD) on liquidity, information asymmetry, and institutional and retail investors trading behavior. Our main findings suggest three conclusions. First, Regulation FD has been effective in improving liquidity and in decreasing the level of information asymmetry. Second, retail trading activity increases dramatically after earnings announcements but there is a significant decline in institutional trading surrounding earnings announcements, particularly in the pre‐announcement period. Last, the decline in information asymmetry around earnings announcements is closely associated with a lower participation rate in the pre‐announcement period and more active trading of retail investors after earnings releases.     

涉外企业税务审计中的几个问题

《涉外税务审计规程》对涉外税务审计工作的顺利开展发挥了重要作用,但也存在一些问题。为此,根据新时期的新要求,要充分运用电算化审计技术,适当调整和补充底稿范本,合理选择审计程序,不断推进涉外企业税务审计工作的科学化、规范化和程序化。