协调林业生态效益与经济效益的对策选择

我国既是人口大国,又是少林国家,然而经济和社会发展对林业的需求越来越旺盛,并使生态需求成为第一需求。但现实林情是,我国的森林为了生态保护的目的,一棵树不砍也不够用;为了用材的目的,一棵树不留也维持不了多少年。在这种情况下,研究和建立与市场经济相容的、激励与约束相结合的、达到政府与林业微观主体的目标函数趋向一致的林业利益机制,实属当务之急。     

Consumers' Attitude Change Across Sequences of Successful and Unsuccessful Product Usage

In two experiments we examine how consumers are affected by a sequence composed of an initial product-failure experience followed by a success experience. Our interest is to assess how consumers' evaluation of the product and of their own performance change after the second experience. A preliminary experiment used hypothetical scenarios describing consumers' experiences with different products. In the main experiment, participants received actual hands-on experience with a Smith-Corona Personal Typewriter/Word Processor. A major result was that product evaluations could be as high following a failure-success sequence of experiences as following success alone. This was especially true with hands-on experiences. However, the main experiment showed that negative affect (frustration) expressed following an actual product failure experience remained even after a subsequent success. Marketing implications of these dual results are discussed.