Can tourism be a key sector in reducing income inequality? An empirical investigation for Turkey

The aim of the study is to investigate the nexus between tourism and income inequality by employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) test cover the period 1974–2015 in Turkey. Findings indicated that the variables are cointegrated and an increase in tourism has a positive effect on income inequality, while economic growth and trade openness have a negative effect both in the long-run and short-run. Results also denote that tourism will decrease income inequality with the expansion of tourism activities and the spread of tourism throughout society. In other words, the tourism-related Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid for Turkey.     

Informational power: A means for increased control in channels of distribution

Informational power has received little empirical treatment in the distribution literature, possibly because the conceptual work on the topic is disjointed. This article clarifies the concept of informational power and differentiates it from others with which it is often confused. Channel member control through informational power is explained and its possible effects on a distribution relationship are discussed, Hypothesized links between informational power, control, cooperation, and satisfaction are tested in a lab study. The findings indicate that a channel member's control over another's strategy increases with its informational power source.     

The environment and its impact on satisfaction with supplier performance: An investigation of the mediating effects of control mechanisms from the perspective of the manufacturer in the U.S.A.

An important question for manufacturers relates to how to conduct exchanges with suppliers when the interaction is done in an uncertain environment. Existing literature suggests the use of unilateral control (i.e., vertical control over the supplier) to reduce the negative effects of environmental uncertainty, whereas recent research on relational norms suggests bilateral control mechanisms (i.e., the norm of information sharing) as an alternative. We propose that in order to secure satisfactory performance from suppliers, manufacturers rely on different control mechanisms depending upon the level of environmental uncertainty on one hand, and the nature of interdependence in the manufacturer-supplier relationship on the other. Our empirical results based on 162 manufacturers indicate the following: 1) manufacturers' reliance on vertical control increases as environmental uncertainty and power asymmetry increase; 2) by contrast, reliance on the bilateral information sharing increases as interdependence magnitude increases and as environmental uncertainty decreases; 3) suppliers' performance, as perceived by manufacturers, increases with the use of bilateral information sharing.     

Dynamics of channel negotiations: Contention and reciprocity

We examine the dynamics of channel negotiations in terms of two useful notions: contention and reciprocity. Contention refers to the degree of overall tension between bargaining opponents. It expresses itself in all areas relevant to the negotiation process: economics, communications, and perceptions. In fact, level of contention is a dimension that ties these areas inseparably to each other. Reciprocity is the mechanism through which contention is maintained at the same or comparable levels among bargaining opponents. Reciprocity can be observed in all tactics and perceptions that cause or indicate contention. We examine these notions in two negotiation experiments and establish baseline behaviors in bargaining encounters. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Effects of Nutrient Restrictions on Confined Animal Facilities: Insights from a Structural-Dynamic Model

Nutrient emissions from animal feeding operations continue to degrade water and air quality. New regulations will limit the amounts of nutrients that can be locally applied to land. In this paper, a structural‐dynamic model of a livestock‐crop operation is calibrated with data from a representative farm and is used to predict the effects of nitrogen regulations. Policy simulations clarify the importance of dynamic elements and demonstrate three main results: (1) cost estimates for large producers are higher than suggested by previous studies; (2) cross‐media pollution effects are potentially significant; and (3) improved input management appears most promising for reducing both water and air emissions and waste management costs. Implications for policy and future research are discussed. Les émissions d'éléments nutritifs provenant des exploitations d'élevage continuent de dégrader la qualité de l'eau et de l'air. De nouveaux règlements limiteront les quantités d'éléments nutritifs qui pourront être appliqués localement sur les terres. Dans le présent article, un modèle structurel dynamique d'exploitation mixte (élevage‐culture) a étéétalonné d'après des données tirées d'une exploitation typique et a été utilisé pour prédire les répercussions des règlements sur la gestion de l'azote. Des simulations de politiques clarifient l'importance des éléments dynamiques et démontrent trois résultats principaux: 1. l'évaluation des coûts dans le cas des grosses exploitations est plus élevée que celle déterminée dans des études antérieures; 2. les effets de la pollution touchant plusieurs milieux sont potentiellement importants; 3. une meilleure gestion des intrants semble plus prometteuse pour réduire les émissions dans l'eau et l'air et pour réduire les coûts de gestion des déchets. Nous traitons des implications pour la politique et la recherche future.