Effectiveness and Efficiency of Cross-Border Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Examination

abstract    Based on a sample of 102 US organizations, this study examines the impact of knowledge characteristics, recipient learning intent, source attractiveness, and relationship quality on the effectiveness and efficiency of knowledge transfer from the international business affiliates of these organizations. Findings indicate that recipient learning intent and source attractiveness positively impact the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. In addition, recipient learning intent was found to have a positive effect on knowledge transfer efficiency. In particular, results highlight the strong positive impact that the quality of the relationship between the source and the recipient has on both the efficiency and effectiveness of cross-border knowledge transfer. The study also indicates that knowledge value is positively associated with recipient learning intent and that knowledge value, rarity and non-substitutability influence source attractiveness. Finally, findings suggest that the relationship between knowledge characteristics and knowledge transfer is partially mediated by recipient learning intent and source attractiveness.     

Rational decision-making and firm performance: the moderating role of the environment

This study investigates the moderating roles of environmental munificence and dynamism in the relationship between process rationality and organizational performance. Based on a sample of 62 manufacturing firms, the study found that environmental munificence and dynamism moderate the relationship between rationality and performance. Further, the study found that rationality is strongly associated with performance in environments high in munificence and dynamism. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An Empirical Analysis of Strategic Groups in the Airline Industry using Latent Class Regressions

Two major controversies in strategic group research have been whether strategic groups actually exist and if so what is the best methodological approach to identify them. One perspective on strategic groups suggests that a strategic group exists if and only if the performance of a firm in the group is a function of group characteristics after controlling for firm and industry characteristics. We test this theoretical position by developing and estimating a model for the airline industry using latent class regressions. Our analysis finds evidence for the existence of four distinct strategic groups of firms in the airline industry. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of tourism on deficit in balance of payments of Pakistan: an application of bounds testing approach to cointegration

The current study is intended to analyze the long-run relationship between deficit in balance of payments (BOPs) and tourism for the period of 1976–2015 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The findings of the paper exposed an indirect relationship between tourism and BOP deficit in the context of Pakistan economy, while deficit balance of trade, real effective exchange rate, and deficit in fiscal balance have a positive and significant association with the deficit in the BOPs in the long run. Based on the findings, it is recommended that policies should be devised that promote the tourism industry of Pakistan as it would be helpful in reducing the deficit in the BOPs.     

Rethinking Development Strategy in Africa: The Imperative and Prospects Of Human-Centred Development

Abstract: What prospects are there for a fundamental improvement of human conditions and what does it take to achieve human-centred development in Africa? These arc the central issues which this article addresses. Starting off from an assessment of an increasingly deteriorating socio-economic situation, the paper argues that the reversal of Africa's economic decline and unfavourable human and social conditions cannot be achieved on the basis of the current adjustment-based economic reform policies. It further argues that a fresh vision is urgently needed on the part of all concerned — first and foremost the African people and governments but also the global community — to implement with purposefulness development strategies and policies that are truly responsive to the intertwined requirements of economic transformation and human development. Development strategies that are negligent of these requirements would remain grossly defective in their design and delinquent in their intent. The paper goes on to outline the implications of such a responsive approach in terms of the needed policy shifts and resource targeting. The final part of the paper examines the prospects for a fundamental rethinking of development strategy in Africa and also for a responsive development cooperation ethic in support thereof. Prospects of the latter are judged not to be sufficiently favourable, which leaves no choice for the Africans but to regain the initiative and truly assume the responsibility for changing their economic, social and political fortunes through deliberate and decisive actions. Opportunities for the unfolding of this scenario are also examined within the context of the nature of governance and an emerging and increasingly proactive civil society. Résumé: Quelles sont les perspectives d'une amélioration fondamentale de sort de l'homme et que faut-il pour réaliser en Afrique un développement à visage humain? Telles sont les questions centrales qu'aborde cet article. Partant d'une évaluation de la situation - socio-économique qui se dégrade de plus en plus, l'articlc soutient que les politiques actuelles de réforme économiques axées sur l'ajustement ne peuvent pas réussir à mettre fin au déclin economique et à la situation humaine et sociale défavorable. II soutient en outre qu'il faudrait de toute urgence une vision nouvelle de la part de tous les intéressés - avant tout les peuples ct les gouvernements africains, mais également la communauté internationale - pour mettre en oeuvre de manière constructive des stratégies et des politiques de développement qui répondent véritablement aux critères intimement liés de transformation économique et de développement humain. Les stratégies de développement qui négligent ces critères resteront notoirement défectueuses dans leur conception et coupables dans leur intention. L'article poursuit en présentant les implications d'une telle approche positive, en termes de modifications des politiques et de ciblage de ressources. La dernière partie de l'article examine les opportunités d'une conception fondamentalement nouvelle de la stratégic de développement en Afrique, ainsi que celles d'une éthique de coopération au développement à l'appui d'une telle stratégic L'article estime que les perspectives dans ce domaine ne sont pas suffisamment favorables. Aussi, les Africains n'ont-ils d'autre choix que de reprendre l'initiative et d'assumer véritablement la responsabilité d'un changement de leur situation économique, sociale et politique, à travers des actions délibérées et décisives. Les chances de concrétisation de ce scénario sont également examinées dans le context de la gouvernance et de l'émergence d'une société civile caractérisee par une synergie croissante.     

Citation footprints on the sands of time: An analysis of idea migrations in strategic management

We elucidate the intellectual progression of the strategic management field by examining knowledge flows to and from the Strategic Management Journal (SMJ) during the period 1980–2009. We provide a detailed mapping of the evolution of the intellectual structure of the field and identify its input‐output dependency relationships with other fields. Analysis of citation data using three analytic techniques: log‐multiplicative model, pathfinder analysis, and entropy analysis allow us to discern strategic management's influence on and engagement with other disciplines. The results show that, within the intellectual universe of strategic management, SMJ has played a central role, both as a source and storer of knowledge. We notice that, over time, there has been a decline in practitioner orientation, greater communication with finance and sociology, and increasing linkages with international business and entrepreneurship. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The intellectual structure of the strategic management field: an author co-citation analysis

This paper complements a recent study by Ramos-Rodriguez and Ruiz-Navarro (2004) that investigated the intellectual structure of the strategic management field through co-citation analysis. By using authors as the units of analysis and incorporating all the citations that are included in the Science Citation Index and the Social Science Citation Index, we trace the evolution of the intellectual structure of the strategic management field during the period 1980–2000. Using a variety of data analytic techniques such as multidimensional scaling, factor analysis, and Pathfinder analysis, we (1) delineate the subfields that constitute the intellectual structure of strategic management; (2) determine the relationships between the subfields; (3) identify authors who play a pivotal role in bridging two or more conceptual domains of research; and (4) graphically map the intellectual structure in two-dimensional space in order to visualize spatial distances between intellectual themes. The analysis provides insights about the influence of individual authors as well as changes in their influence over time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Foreign Entry Mode and Performance: The Moderating Effects of Environment*

As the trend toward economic globalization increases, the internationalization of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) has become an important topic. Research on the performance outcomes of foreign market entry strategies has been primarily considered from the perspective of the multinational corporations. In this paper hierarchical regression analyses were conducted on archival data of 123 publicly held manufacturing SMEs based in the United States to test a contingency model that hypothesizes more of the performance variance is explained when the foreign market entry mode is aligned strategically with domestic and foreign environmental factors. The results indicate that firms will have a higher rate of international revenue growth using no‐equity‐based (exporting) foreign market entry modes in growing domestic environments. International revenue growth is higher for equity‐based modes when foreign market risks are high. The findings should provide managers of SMEs with contextual evidence for making successful foreign market entry decisions.     

Strategic investments in Japanese corporations: do foreign portfolio owners foster underinvestment or appropriate investment?

This paper investigates the effect of foreign ownership on strategic investments in Japanese corporations. Foreign owners are typically portfolio investors who frequently buy and sell shares and hold diversified portfolios of small stakes in many firms. Prior research has presented two conflicting perspectives on the role of such investors: (a) their frequent trading leads to pressure for short‐term returns that fosters underinvestment; (b) their active trading fosters appropriate investments. We investigated the relationship between foreign ownership and strategic investments using dynamic panel data analysis of a sample of 146 Japanese manufacturing firms from 1991 to 1997. We found that foreign ownership enhances strategic investments (in R&D and capital intensity) to a greater extent when firms have growth opportunities than when they lack such opportunities. We conclude that foreign ownership fosters appropriate investment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

What price loyalty? A fresh look at loyalty programs in the credit card industry

There is controversy about the effects of loyalty programs in the customer relationship management literature. Although some managers and researchers believe that customer loyalty created through loyalty programs leads to higher firm profits, others have found evidence that loyalty programs do not have a positive effect on firm's profits. In this article, we present our findings regarding the effect of reward cards and affinity cards on customer profitability in the context of credit card industry. We find surprising evidence that customers who own either a reward card or an affinity card generate significantly less profit than those customers who do not have these cards. Equally puzzling is the fact that these customers also have lower average lifetime with the firm. This leads us to a puzzle as to why these practices are widely prevalent in the industry. We find that loyalty cards provide value to the issuers in terms of risk management. They serve as a mechanism to reduce the risk associated with more profitable customers by attracting less risky customers. Thus, through loyalty cards the financial institution is able to balance out the total risk of the portfolio of customers by acquiring customers, who although less profitable, are less risky.