Farming systems research and extension (FSR/E) approach to livestock development in parts of sub‐Saharan Africa

Applying the FSR/E approach to livestock production in Africa, this article deals with the objectives of livestock owners, diagnosis of constraints and possible solutions to livestock production problems. The objective set of farmers derives from the fact that cattle are wealth, as defined by neoclassical economic theory. Cattle provide financial security and are consumed indirectly (milk, lobola, draught) and directly (slaughter or sale). The primary technical impediment to livestock production is poor nutrition, deriving from a heavy stocking rate on unmanaged natural grazing. Secondary constraints are poor breeding practices and poor internal parasite control. Institutional interventions are required to improve the nutritional status of the herd. Other interventions should be aimed at increasing product output, decreasing external interference and increasing community control of the process.     

Small‐farm systems research in Ciskei

This paper examines firstly, the problems of agricultural research in developing countries, considers briefly the Farm Systems Research approach and, describes a project recently introduced by Fort Hare University's Agricultural and Rural Development Research Institute. This project will apply a systems research approach to the problems of small farmers in Ciskei, as an alternative to the formal agricultural research approach.