南亚地区农业发展状况及其对河流下游和沿岸地区的影响

农业是一项传统的产业,它为全球人口提供粮食,这一点从来没有被怀疑过。随着人类对食物需求量的增长,上游农业的持续发展对河流下游和流域的河口地区构成了威胁。在南亚,沿岸居住的人们依靠河流下游为其提供生活来源,例如农业和水产业。很多时候,河流下游会遭受到河流上游农业活动的影响。下游沿岸地区所遇到的问题包括河流干旱、地下水量枯竭、水污染和泥沙问题、盐碱化和海水入侵、土壤侵蚀和营养物质耗尽,以及滨河湿地系统的动态变化等。对当前农业实践和存在的问题及其对下游的影响进行评估,以便在南亚地区采取以流域为基础的方法进行水资源管理。     

美国新桥水水电站的掺气水轮机

杜克（Duke）能源公司卡罗莱纳（Carolinas）州有限责任公司计划为桥水（Bridgewater）工程装机28 MW的新建水电站安装掺气水轮机。期望这些为现场情况专门设计的水轮机可使杜克能源公司提高工程下游水流中的溶解氧含量,同时也使效率损失降到最小。     

气候变化和跨国界水资源管理

跨国界水资源的共享一直是人们主要关心的问题。在很多地区,没有足够的水资源满足人们的用水需求。随着全球气候变暖,人们在水资源的获得、分配和共享等方面面临越来越多的压力和困难。当水资源跨越国界边境时,这些问题会变得更加尖锐。对影响获取水资源的主要因素,以及有助于解决跨国界水资源冲突的跨国界协议或合约的内容进行了介绍和分析。     

布隆迪小水电工程开发方案研究

布隆迪共和国的小水电蕴藏量极为丰富.20世纪80年代完成的水电蕴藏量调查结果表明,41项已认定工程的可开发总装机容量可达300 MW.目前,正在逐个研究、筛选,以确定最佳坝址,而且将对确定的项目进行可行性研究,并逐步予以实施.     

国际河流流域气候变化的风险管理(上)——以莱茵河为例

气候变化很可能对欧洲莱茵河的径流造成影响。需要用领先的科学和技术知识去加强适应性战略,以应对河道径流变化,关键在于认识气候的潜在影响以及社会与自然体系适应气候变化的能力。这两者无论是在个体、地方、区域,再到国际等各个层面上都具有很大的不确定度。提出了面临的三大挑战。在制定适应性战略时如何应对气候变化产生的不确定度是第一大挑战。研究发现,为支撑流域适应性规划而对不确定度进行传播一般仅占现有不确定度的一小部分,如只利用一种模型或一种情景以及一种方法去考虑不确定度。第二大挑战是克服目前科学家提供的科学知识与决策者所需知识之间的失配问题。早期使用"政策风险评估法"的经验表明,该法可以更好地满足决策者的需求。第三大挑战是如何恰当地将莱茵河流域的跨境特点纳入到研究工作和政策制定中来,从整个流域层面而不是单一流域内层面进行综合分析,进而提出并实施适应性方案,这样可以提供新的机遇,但也面临着许多实际性的挑战。     

Inhibition effect of swine wastewater heavy metals and antibiotics on anammox activity

The feasibility of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process to treat wastewaters containing antibiotics and heavy metals (such as the liquid fraction of the anaerobically digested swine manure) was studied in this work. The specific anammox activity (SAA) was evaluated by means of manometric batch tests. The effects of oxytetracycline, sulfathiazole, copper and zinc were studied. The experimental data of the short-term assays were fitted with an inhibition model to identify the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)). After 24 h exposures, IC(50)-values equal to 1.9, 3.9, 650 and 1,100 mg L(-1) were identified for copper, zinc, sulfathiazole and tetracycline respectively. The effect of prolonged exposure (14 days) to oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole was studied by means of repeated batch-assays. Anabolism and catabolism reactions were active during the inhibition tests indicating that anammox bacteria could grow even in the extreme conditions tested. Considering the average concentrations expected in swine wastewaters, the inhibitors studied do not seem to represent a problem for the application of the anammox process. However, in order to verify the effect of these compounds on the growth of anammox bacteria, continuous culture experiments could be conducted.     

Net environmental benefit: introducing a new LCA approach on wastewater treatment systems

Life cycle assessment (LCA) allows evaluating the potential environmental impacts of a product or a service in relation to its function and over its life cycle. In past LCAs applied to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the system function definition has received little attention despite its great importance. This has led to some limitations in LCA results interpretation. A new methodology to perform LCA on WWTPs is proposed to avoid those limitations. It is based on net environmental benefit (NEB) evaluation and requires assessing the potential impact of releasing wastewater without and with treatment besides assessing the impact of the WWTP's life cycle. The NEB allows showing the environmental trade-offs between avoided impact due to wastewater treatment and induced impact by the WWTP's life cycle. NEB is compared with a standard LCA through the case study of a small municipal WWTP consisting of facultative aerated lagoons. The NEB and standard LCA show similar results for impact categories solely related to the WWTP's life cycle but differ in categories where wastewater treatment environmental benefit is accounted for as NEB considers influent wastewater quality whereas standard LCA does not.     

国家对电站建筑物进行安全监控的工作效果

为保证水工建筑物的安全运行,应采取以下措施:1.采用可靠的设计方案,应用专题性的科研成果;2.施工、安装作业应遵循工艺规程的要求:3.运行中的水工建筑物要做到:①组织监控系统;②遵守运行规程;③有计划地进行检修和维修. 苏联电力部委托于1973年编制了《电站建筑物安全监控工作暂行条例》和《水工建筑物全面检查的标准程