Collaboration, peer review and open source software

Open source software development may be superior to proprietary development because the open source organizational form naturally minimizes transactions costs associated with privately distributed information. This manifests itself in the ability of open source communities to encourage critical peer review and the sharing of ideas. When these activities are important, the open source organizational form may do better than a proprietary organizational form. My results suggest why open source is particularly powerful when maintainability of software is critical, and also suggest that the founder of a software project may be more likely to choose open source if there is an existing dominant proprietary software project.     

论学校违纪处分的司法审查

受教育权是公民的一项受宪法保护的基本权利,当其受到不当行为侵害时理应得到司法的有效救济.学校具备行政主体资格,其违纪处分权是一种教育行政管理权,不当或违法的违纪处分侵犯了学生的合法权益.因此,学生不服学校违纪处分所产生的纠纷应该纳入行政诉讼受案范围.同时为了保障学校教育的自治权,行政诉讼应该遵守行政复议前置和司法审查有限两项原则.     

再论意定代理权授予之无因性

德国法基于商事实践中的“经理人”制度,以概念法学的方法构造了代理权授予之无因性理论。在民事一般代理领域,授权是基础关系的具体履行,二者在存续、效力和权限方面紧密关联,授权行为之无因性所意图解决之善意第三人保护问题可借助表见理论。《民法总则》未采该理论,授权行为属于委托合同之履行,但可进一步明确可有效授权予限制行为能力人。该理论内涵之一“代理权授予之独立性”却在商事代理领域取得了成功,包括公司代理机关、经理人,然并无必要将选任代理人的行为解释为单方行为而非合同。我国法可借鉴这一理论：　确立公司代表权之概括性、不可限制性;第三人简单知情代表权违反内部限制的并不当然等于“恶意”。     

解决农村义务教育投入保障中的制度缺陷——对中央转移支付作用及事权体制调整的思考

财权与事权不匹配的矛盾是解决农村义务教育投入保障中的最大难点,受财力制约和宏观政策引导缺位的影响,地方投入为主的财政制度很难为义务教育发展提供全面、长远的支持。针对学界期望通过创新或完善中央转移支付制度解决农村义务教育投入的观点,本文提出不同看法:单纯依靠转移支付制度的改进来解决农村义务教育的地区差异和保障农村义务教育的公共投入是不可能的,只有在事权体制上做大的调整,将农村义务教育事权上划中央政府和财政,才是解决该问题的最佳选择。本文尝试通过建立计量模型,从保障农村义务教育投入中的制度缺陷的视角构建框架,为农村义务教育事权体制改革寻求另一个解决方案。     

Adam Smith and the division of labour: is there a difference between organisation and market?

The paper claims that, in The Wealth of Nations, the divisionof labour refers simultaneously to two different things: a socialdivision of labour and an organisational division of labour.The central point is that the organisation of work (the organisationaldivision of labour) in the firm is the logical counterpart ofthe social division of labour, and that these reflect two inseparableaspects of the process of the division of labour. Smith is thusconcerned with organisations as well as with markets, each functioningaccording to the same principle. Hence, Smith does not believethat the organisational and the social divisions of labour arefundamentally different, although he does recognise some variationbetween them and describes different states of the divisionof labour within the firm, liberal and capitalist.     

The distinction between commercial and non-commercial bus services in Germany: Given by nature?

German public transport services by bus are characterized by a regulatory framework that distinguishes between commercial and non-commercial services. Contrary to the apparent views of legislators, this paper shows that costs and revenues are not the only parameters determining whether or not operators are able to provide services in a commercially viable way.Apart from the local characteristics of the specific service, we show that the classification of services as commercial versus non-commercial is determined in large part by the public transport authorities that set minimum quality standards to be provided by operators. Our analysis shows that the authorities awarding the contracts in some cases affect market organization significantly depending on how they make use of this power. Furthermore, market organization differs substantially with respect to the awarding structure and the contractual relationships, thus creating a challenge for operators and authorities in an embryonic market.     

Disclosure as a tool in stakeholder relations management: a longitudinal study on the Port of Rotterdam

This study applies stakeholder management principles to the port domain. We provide a conceptual framework for evaluating the communication strategies a (landlord) Port Authority (PA) relies on in the management of its relevant stakeholders and the adoption of disclosure to critical issues. The theoretical arguments are supported by empirical evidences from the Port of Rotterdam (PoR), i.e. a major port which leverages disclosure to successfully manage stakeholders and support the implementation of corporate strategy. The research questions are addressed using a content analysis on the annual reports (ARs) of PoR in the period 2000–2012. The overall research design enables the investigation of PA disclosure as a tool for managing the evolving interests of stakeholders from a longitudinal perspective. The PoR case shows that the relative importance of topics reported in the ARs change over time, as a result of external pressures and internal key events. The outcomes demonstrate the growing attention of PoR on topics relevant to the broader community (e.g. environment and safety/security) after a period characterised by a prominent focus on financial and governance issues. Besides, key breakthrough forces stimulating the shifts in landlord communication strategies are identified and discussed. Finally, by suggesting an indirect approach to evaluate how PA prioritises its salient stakeholders, the paper adds to extant port literature and brings methodological implications.     

香港公屋制度对深圳的启示

解决城市中低收入居民的住房问题是建设和谐社会的重要组成部分,香港政府通过其公共房屋制度,有效地解决了居民的住房问题。但我国内地的住房保障制度建设才刚刚起步,亟待完善。深圳作为中国经济较发达的城市之一,人均收入较高,政府运作高效,与香港有着相似的地理环境,比内地其他城市更适于借鉴香港经验。深圳可以在现有的经济适用房与廉租屋制度框架下,借鉴香港经验,建立有深圳特色的住房保障体系。     

心理学视角的合法性与合法化

合法性对于权威、机构或者制度化组织的成功是至关重要的,因为仅仅依靠对权力的占有和使用而对他人施加影响是十分困难的。在资源匮乏、危机和冲突时期,能够在大多数时间里得到大多数人的自愿服从可以提高组织的有效性。合法性的概念在社会思想和社会心理学领域有着悠久的历史,而最近在关于政治、法律和社会系统的作用机制的研究中,它变得越来越重要。     

中国认购权证市场价格偏差的实证研究

随着股权分置改革,中国的A股权证被再次推出,它的诞生丰富了投资者的交易品种,对建立多层次多维度的资本市场发挥了积极的作用.但是中国的A股权证市场仍存在诸多问题,实际价格偏离理论价格的现象司空见惯,其交易品种与交易规模不对称的现象也一直伴随着A股权证市场的发展.基于业内与学术界对A股权证价格偏差的困惑,本文利用混合回归模型和面板数据模型的实证方法,对认购权证市场价格偏差的研究发现,投资者对认购权证的频繁操作和投机炒作是导致价格偏差的重要原因,并且认购权证的创设制度对于抑制价格偏差的作用非常有限.此外,本文结合研究的实证结果,从创新A股权证产品和完善市场交易制度的角度,提出了完善和发展中国A股权证市场的政策建议.