Environmental taxes with heterogeneous consumers: an application to energy consumption in France

This paper constructs a model with four groups of households who have preferences over labor supply, consumption of polluting (energy related) and non-polluting (non-energy) goods, and emissions. It quantifies the model for the French economy and computes its optimal tax equilibria under nine second-best tax regimes. We find that the redistributive role of environmental taxes requires the polluting goods to be taxed at a rate much below their marginal social damage. These goods may even require an outright subsidy if the society values equality ‘a lot’. Secondly, if environmental taxes that have an exclusively externality-correcting role, they benefit all types—although the gains are rather modest. The gains and losses become more substantial when environmental taxes have a redistributive role as well. Third, setting the environmental tax at its Pigouvian level, rather than its optimal externality-correcting-cum-redistributive level, benefits the high-income group at the expense of the low-income groups. Fourth, nonlinear taxation of polluting goods, and nonlinear commodity taxation in general, is a powerful redistributive mechanism. Fifth, introducing environmental taxes in the current French tax system, with its suboptimal income taxes, results in substantial welfare gains for the highest income group and a sizable loss for the least well-off persons.     

Targeted saving by renters for housing purchase in Japan

This paper examines the extent to which wealth accumulation for housing purchase increases household savings and suppresses consumption. The study employs an estimation method based on simultaneous equations with limited dependent variables developed by Nelson and Olson to examine the relationship between wealth accumulation and housing purchase plans, using data relating to young Japanese renters. The estimation results provide evidence that young Japanese households severely reduce their consumption by around 30–40 percent.     

International Economies of Scale and the Gains from Trade

In this paper, we present a two-country trade model with external economies of scale that emerge on an international level but are partially localized in each country. First, we show that the larger country exports the good produced in an industry with external economies of scale in the trading equilibrium. Second, we investigate the welfare effects of trade for the following two cases: (I) the case where external economies are completely localized in autarky; (II) the case where external economies are internationally effective in autarky. In case (II), it is shown that trade can be welfare-decreasing for both countries.     

Comparing the impacts of Internet technology and national culture on online usage and purchase from a four-country perspective

The Internet has successfully generated an ever-expanding cohort of users for all its major concomitant activities, including information gathering, communications and transactions. So far no attempt has been made to validate whether such a success is so deep as to transcend national cultures. Nor any work has been conducted to compare the internationalisation¹ performances between online usage activities. The current study addresses these two research gaps from the perspective of four countries, i.e. Britain, Germany, Japan and Taiwan. Results show that although the technological forces have been quite successful in internationalising overall online usage activities, they succumb to the cultural forces as far as only the transactions activity, or more colloquially online purchase, is concerned. This indicates the relative difficulty in internationalising online purchase vis-à-vis other online usage activities. Further research on locating a series of step functions or kick-off time points regarding the development of online purchase is suggested.     

供应链集成下的企业采购管理

供应链集成下的采购管理是供应链管理的重要内容之一，基于供应链的采购管理模型利用现代信息技术的成果解决了供应链中核心企业与供应商之间的联系问题。供应链集成下的企业采购管理策略从本质上讲是一种理念，旨在提高采购管理的效率，降低企业采购的成本，建立新的供需合作模式。     

如何建立有效的物资供应体系

物资供应是环环相扣的紧密闭合链，任何一个环节出问题．都会使这条连续的链断裂。因此，建立一套行之有效的物资供应体系以保障物资的正常流动对于企业的正常经营而言至关重要。本文按照一般物资供应的流程，分别从物资采购，物流管理，库存管理，供应体系评价四个部分来论述如何建立一套行之有效的体系以保障物资的正常供应，并对我国企业的物流管理提出若干建议。     

消费者与组织购买行为的比较研究

消费者购买行为是消费者为满足个人或家庭生活需要而发生的购买商品的决策或行动，组织购买行为是组织与组织之间的营销活动。组织购买与消费者购买有着较大的差异，因规模远比后者大而对市场经济的作用巨大，在市场营销理论中也占看重要的地位。对消费者与组织购买行为进行比较研究，对组织购买决策模型加以对比分析，有助于更好地理解组织购买活动与购买决策过程。     

规范政府采购专家评审机制 完善市场经济体制

本文从政府支出的角度,分析了政府采购制度在健全我国社会主义市场经济体制中的作用,并阐明依法规范政府采购专家评审机制,充分发挥政府采购评审专家作用,是实现我国《政府采购法》的关键。     

国企物资采购供应管理的思考

文章针对国有大中型企业进行物资采购供应管理的重要性,对如何加强企业物资采购供应管理,节 约采购成本进行初浅的探讨。     

非经常性损益对沪市上市公司财务业绩影响研究

文章通过非经常性损益、各非经常性损益项目对上市公司财务的整体影响以及对各非经常性损益项目对公司财务业绩的具体影响三个层次的分析,发现上市公司通过主营业务经营所获得的收益仍然是构成2003年财务业绩的主要来源,并且有继续向好的趋势;其整体业绩并未因非经常性损益的原因而导致质量低下。但同时数据也表明,部分上市公司利用各非经常性损益项目进行利润调节的现象仍然较为严重,对微利公司和 T族公司尤为如此。文章也对非经常性损益项目的构成进行了分析,揭示出了2003年度上市公司利用非经常性损益来调节利润的主要手段。此外,文章对目前有关部门对非经济性损益的相关规定进行了剖析,揭示出其存在的不足之处,并提出了相应的政策建议。