倒“U”型城市规模效率曲线及其政策含义——基于中国地级以上城市经济、社会和环境效率的比较研究

关于城市规模问题在中国城市化进程中受到广泛关注,各种关于城市规模的理论和政策争论的焦点在于,城市规模效率与城市规模之间的倒“U”假说是否成立。本文利用数据包络分析（DEA）中的BCC模型、超效率模型和Tobit回归模型,系统测算和分析了中国城市和地级市及以上城市2005—2010年的规模效率及其与城市规模之间的关系。总体来看,中国城市规模效率与其规模正相关,地级市及以上城市经济、社会和环境规模效率与其规模基本上呈“倒U”型关系,倒“U”曲线顶点对应的城市规模对城市发展具有较强的政策含义。据此,本文提出“促进中小城市发展、限制超大城市、完善城市管理、协调区域城市发展”的政策思路。     

How does the geographic export diversification–performance relationship vary at different levels of export intensity?

We argue that the relationship between geographic export diversification and firm performance follows an S-curve relationship if export intensity is low and an inverted U-shape if export intensity is high. The S-shape curve occurs because firms have weaker incentives to deploy the resources needed for succeeding in foreign markets if they generate relatively low revenues in export markets compared to their domestic market. Firms highly committed to export markets, in contrast, face stronger incentives to accelerate their learning curve, which results in an inverted U-shape relationship. We examine our hypotheses using a panel of longitudinal archival data with over 2000 firm-year observations, which cover all of the possible export destination countries served by large Brazil-based exporters from 2001 to 2010. Our results imply that the degree of export intensity changes the cost-benefit relationship of geographic export diversification.     

Play fair! Innovating internal self-regulation in the market for profit

Regulation imposes compliance demands on business, but these controls by no means ensure that corporations will act ethically. Externally imposed controls by government or industry are prompts intended to move organizations to engage in a moral minimum. Such efforts are typically reactionary corrective measures, often crafted and applied after an ethical scandal occurs, and thereby offer limited effectiveness in providing systemic change. To provide insight on internally driven controls, this article examines how a newer form of monetized self-regulation, referred to as inverted moral markets, might be leveraged to motivate corporate ethical behavior. Inverted moral market (IMM) operations target firms suspected of unethical action, providing a type of market whistleblowing. Such activities are monetized through the sale of information to investors and by short selling. Rather than a desire to build moral strength, IMM firms are motivated by self-interest and profit. They can potentially ‘do good’ by imposing self-correction within the market, but without virtuous intent. We explore IMMs and the varied impacts their activities may have on the functioning of the overall market. We argue that a more balanced approach between internal and external regulation may enhance the environment for moral balance in a capitalist market system.     

经济增长能带来共同富裕么——基于香港地区收入分配状况的研究

库兹涅茨倒U假说揭示的工业化国家(地区)收入分配差距"先上升,后下降"的倒U型运动轨迹在很多国家(地区)的发展经验中都无法得到验证,包括香港。作为亚洲四小龙之一,香港经济已保持了近半个世纪的持续快速增长,然而我国香港地区的收入分配状况不仅没有随着经济增长而获得改善,反而是不断恶化。造成香港社会贫富悬殊的原因有很多,主要包括缺少全面的社会保障体系,为追求经济增长实行不利于中低层群体的人才引进制度、工资制度和税收制度,市民教育程度底下,政治民主发育不足,特殊的产业结构以及经济过度的自由化等等。香港经验给我们带来的启示是不能片面追求经济增长,全民的共同富裕不会伴随着经济增长自动到来,改善收入分配状况,涉及到对各种国家政策、经济制度和政治制度全面改革。     

Contingent effects of close relationships with suppliers upon independent restaurant product development: A social capital perspective

Despite recommendations that the restaurant industry more readily engage suppliers within their operations in order to expand capabilities, associations with restaurant business performance and supplier relationships remain unexplored in today’s current restaurant literature. This study assessed restaurant-supplier relationships from the social capital perspective and evaluated roles social capital played in product enhancement and new product development within the independent restaurant context. Results demonstrated that independent restaurant product enhancement was positively and linearly associated with social capital derived from restaurant-supplier relationships. Results also found that building social capital within restaurant-supplier relationships positively influenced new product development, but when taken to an extreme, it exhibited a negative association through an inverted curvilinear effect. Results provide new insights for future research and practice regarding independent restaurant supply management practices.     

高科技新创企业网络跨度与绩效的倒U型关系研究

由于网络关系管理和利用的复杂性以及组织资源、能力的限制，网络跨度与新创企业绩效之间的线性关系不断受到质疑。借鉴社会资本理论和能力观，考察网络跨度与新创企业绩效之间的关系本质，以及网络响应能力在上述关系中的重要作用。基于187份中国高科技新创企业数据，利用多元调节回归方法的实证结果表明，网络跨度与新创企业绩效间存在倒U型关系，网络响应能力在网络跨度与新创企业绩效间发挥调节效用，即通过有效管理和利用网络，优化网络跨度对高科技新创绩效的影响效应。最后，讨论研究的理论意义和实践价值。     

商业信用融资能否提高全要素生产率——基于企业生命周期理论的视角

本文选择2011—2020年中国A股上市企业面板数据,基于企业生命周期视角研究商业信用融资对全要素生产率的影响。实证结果表明：总体上看,商业信用融资对企业全要素生产率的关系呈倒U型趋势,即存在先“激励”后“挤出”的影响;从企业生命周期视角来看,成熟期只存在“激励效应”,成长期和衰退期呈倒U型关系;进一步研究发现,处在不同生命周期企业的所有制和规模差异,会导致商业信用融资对全要素生产率的关系产生显著差异。本文研究结论丰富了商业信用融资与企业全要素生产率的相关文献,对处在不同生命周期的企业合理确定融资规模,进而改善生产效率具有一定的实践意义。     

中国的金融化对城乡收入差距施加了怎样的影响

虽然大量研究从金融发展的视角讨论了金融与城乡居民收入差距的关系,但是从金融化的逻辑深入分析中国这一主题的研究并不多见。本文使用我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)2000—2017年的面板数据,运用金融部门与金融劳动力扩张作为金融化的代理变量,测度其对城乡居民收入差距的影响。研究结果表明:(1)总体而言,以金融部门扩张为代表的金融化与城乡收入差距表现出稳健的U型关系,以金融劳动力扩张为代表的金融化与城乡收入差距正相关;(2)在东部地区金融部门扩张与城乡收入差距表现出U型关系,金融劳动力扩张与城乡收入差距的关系不明显,在中西部地区金融部门扩张与城乡收入差距负相关,金融劳动力扩张与城乡收入差距呈倒U型关系;(3)贸易开放和外商直接投资放大了金融部门扩张对我国城乡收入差距的影响,但是在不同区域存在差异性。本文为研究金融化与城乡收入差距的文献做出了边际贡献,为金融化在转型经济体中的收入分配效应提供了经验证据,有利于纠正金融"脱实向虚"的倾向,进而关注提高金融发展的普惠性和金融对外开放的质量。     

中国货币化率与经济增长

近年来,中国高货币化率问题愈发严重,学者们专注于寻找其背后的原因,却忽略了对货币化率与经济增长关系的研究.为此,在对货币化率影响经济增长相关理论进行总结归纳基础上,提出货币化率与经济增长之间呈现倒U型关系的理论假设,并且选择全球72个主要国家1996—2018年面板数据,对货币化率与经济增长之间关系进行实证检验.结果表明:在全样本和发达国家子样本中,货币化率与经济增长之间呈现倒U型关系,目前我国货币化率水平小于全样本数据拐点值,大于发达国家子样本数据拐点值.发展中国家子样本数据则显示,货币化率与经济增长呈现正U型关系,适当提高货币化率可以促进经济增长.最后,根据上述结论,提出中国货币化率最优路径图.     

平台型HRM、人力资源双元柔性能力与组织创新绩效：倒U型关系的独立与互动中介作用

以双元悖论观为理论基础,借鉴结构-行为-绩效（S-C-P）经典范式,构建平台型HRM-人力资源双元柔性能力-组织创新绩效理论分析框架,通过398个企业中高层管理者调研数据的实证分析,得出如下研究结论：平台型HRM倒U型影响组织创新绩效;人力资源双元柔性能力对创新绩效存在差异化影响,数量柔性负向影响创新绩效,功能柔性倒U型影响创新绩效;功能柔性在平台型HRM与组织创新绩效之间扮演独立中介作用,数量柔性与功能柔性的平衡效应（|数量柔性-功能柔性|）在平台型HRM和组织创新绩效之间扮演互动中介作用。