Pandemic risk disclosure in integrated reports: after COVID-19 is hindsight 2020?

We examine whether, and to what extent companies disclosed pandemic risk and likely impact as part of their key risks or material matters immediately prior to 2020. The integrated/annual reports of 489 companies from six global regions were examined, finding that despite clear warnings from multiple fronts that highlighted the inevitability and imminence of a global pandemic, only 15.5 percent of companies disclosed anything related to pandemic risk. Of these, 71.1 percent were boilerplate in nature, providing minimal useful information to stakeholders. This study contributes to our understanding of integrated reporting, specifically regarding the adequacy of the disclosure of material risks.     

财政收支项目审计中确定重要性水平的意义

进一步加强财政收支审计是国家审计机关的重要任务,但在实践工作中审计人员对确定财政收支审计项目重要性水平的意义认识不够,导致审计随意性大、审计目标与责任定位不清、审计成本较高,最终加大了审计风险。文章主要说明合理确定财政收支项目的重要性水平对降低审计风险,提高财政收支审计质量的重大意义。     

Management's Materiality Criteria of Internal Control Weaknesses and Corporate Fraud: Evidence from China

This paper investigates the determinants and consequence of Chinese listed companies' first-time decisions on materiality criteria for internal control weaknesses, which have been observable beginning from the 2011 annual report. Although pretax income is most commonly used as the benchmark for materiality, revenue is also used as a popular alternative. Revenue is more susceptible to manipulation, as it has a much larger financial amount than pretax income. We argue that unethical managers prefer not to disclose material weaknesses by manipulating the materiality criteria to justify non-disclosure of a potentially material weakness. Consistent with this opportunistic incentive, we find that when companies committed fraud in the previous year that remains undetected, their management is more likely to use revenue (rather than pretax income) as the first-time benchmark and to set a higher revenue-based materiality threshold as well. Moreover, once the materiality metrics are set, the first-time revenue-based materiality threshold is significantly and positively associated with subsequent incidence of corporate fraud, which suggests that setting deviant and loose materiality metrics leaves room for the management to engage in future misconduct.     

The impact of material and immaterial sustainability on firm performance: The moderating role of franchising strategy

CSR and sustainability engagement is growing rapidly with ever-increasing attention. Accordingly, restaurant stakeholders now demand restaurant companies to disclose relevant ESG information (i.e., materiality) to analyze risks and opportunities that ESG factors bring to firms over the long term. As established in stakeholder theory, restaurant materiality is shaped by a firm's key stakeholders and also by the industry's distinguishing factor, franchising. However, despite their importance and timeliness, materiality and franchising remain largely absent from scholarly discussion in the field of tourism and hospitality. Using a novel industry-specific materiality classification of sustainability initiatives, here we show that franchising positively moderates the impact of investing in immaterial sustainability on firm performance. The results provide early empirical validation of stakeholder theory in relation to restaurant materiality and franchising, and show the impact of allocating a firm's resources to material and immaterial sustainability issues on firm performance in the restaurant context.     

新会计准则中借款费用对房地产企业的影响

围绕新借款费用会计准则对房地产企业会计工作产生的影响,阐述了借款费用及借款费用资本化的概念.分析了新旧借款费用会计准则的差异及新借款费用会计准则的实施对房地产企业产生的影响.     

Rosie’s East End Restaurant: An experiential introduction to auditing

This short interactive case introduces several auditing concepts in the context of a familiar activity: verifying the accuracy of a restaurant bill. You will work in student teams to first determine whether the bill is accurate, and then to decide whether you are willing to pay it. During the exercise, you will keep track of the various steps and procedures you used in making your decisions. After you complete the exercise, your instructor will relate the activity to various auditing topics in the auditing process such as audit evidence, internal control, materiality, professional responsibilities and the concept of “fairly stated.” Hundreds of students have completed this exercise and report that it has helped them grasp many essential features of the auditing process, while providing a useful frame of reference for more complex aspects of the audit process.     

我国上市公司地理分部的重要性判断问题研究

由于企业跨行业、跨地区经营活动越来越普遍,对于如何确定地理分部问题就日益重要,特别是财政部于2006年2月15日发布了第35号《具体会计准则--分部报告》更是对地理分部披露提出了强制性要求.从实证分析的角度对多元化经营的上市公司的地理分部的研究结果表明,在地理分部信息披露中存在着披露深度和广度上的均衡并出现了广义的地理概念,10%的重要性水平对于改善分部信息披露质量的作用是有限的.     

The relevance of practice theories for tourism research

Practice theories offer a new perspective on tourism, by not focussing on individual agents or social structures, but on social practices as the starting point for theorising and conducting research. Illustrated by the practice of Arctic expedition cruising, we discuss the basic premises of practice theories and their potential applications to tourism studies, including various ways of conceptualising social practices, the principle idea of a flat ontology, the methodological implications and the relevance for tourism policies. Practice theories could contribute to the agenda of tourism studies in three ways, i.e. by enabling in-depth analysis of performed tourism consumption or production practices, by facilitating analysis of change in tourism over time and by unravelling the embeddedness of tourism practices.     

Reply to comments on “The association between European materiality estimates and client integrity, culture, and litigation”

The research examines the differences in materiality estimates for a sample of 181 experienced auditors from Big-Six firms located in Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the UK. We asked each auditor to estimate materiality for a client whose integrity his/her firm rated as either high or low [Ir. Account. Rev. 1 (1994) 1.]. The research found that low client-integrity ratings resulted in lower materiality estimates for the European auditors. The research also indicates that as the cultural construct of Uncertainty Avoidance [Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills: Sage.] increased, materiality estimates also increased. Although one might have anticipated that materiality would decrease with the level of litigation, it, in fact, increased. We also compared the data from the western European countries with the estimates from a group of 83 auditors from the same Big-Six firms located in the United States.¹