Employer Penalties for Failure to Provide Individual Employee Notification Under the Family and Medical Leave Act: “Clarifications” Following Ragsdale v. Wolverine Worldwide, Inc.

This article examines the Supreme Court's ruling in Ragsdale v. Wolverine Worldwide, Inc. (2002) and considers its implications for employer and employee rights and responsibilities relative to implementing the FMLA policies. We provide an overview of the pre-decision regulatory environment including the general leave provisions of the FMLA and DOL's regulations requiring employer notification of leave designated as FMLA leave. We also identify those provisions that the decision did not alter and provide a broader consideration of the issues and implication of this decision for employers and employees.     

对美国LNT(Leave No Trace)游客教育项目的探讨

美国不留痕迹教育项目(LNT)的目标是避免或减少对自然区域的资源影响，并帮助所有游客获得愉悦的旅游经历，本文介绍了美国不留痕迹项目(LNT)的发展。LNT项目作为一种重要的机制被用于把科学研究成果应用于持续改善低影响技术。通过科研，LNT能够为管理者开发适当的培训资料，并为游客提供“怎样做”的出版物。另外，在美国联邦土地机构、国家户外学校之间的伙伴关系，以及零售商的支持合作使这种模式获得极大成功，并能使项目持续良好运转。     

基于遗传算法的质量成本优化及控制研究

针对建筑工程质量形成的过程，本根据系统可靠度原理，并应用遗传算法进行质量成本的优化，使建筑工程中的可靠性与经济性很好的协调起来，为建筑工程领域及其他领域的质量成本的优化及控制提供了一个新的思路。     

Hotel work-family support policies and employees' needs,concerns and Challenges—The Case of Working Mothers’ maternity leave experience

Based on in-depth interviews conducted with working mothers in the U.S. hotels' industry, the current research developed a process model depicting working mothers’ maternity leave and transition experiences under the current framework of maternity leave and other family and work support policies. Drawing on prior theories and interview findings, our research elucidates the process of how female hospitality professionals cope with challenges and strive to navigate post-maternity life while re-adapting to their professional roles and work-life balance. The model developed from our interview findings brings to light the pivotal role maternity leave and other family support policies play in enabling or inhibiting hospitality working mothers to re-adapt during the post-maternity life stage. Based on such findings, we provide discussions on the theoretical and managerial implications as well as future research agendas related to this topic.     

论多丽丝·莱辛小说中的女性形象

20世纪英国文坛杰出的女作家之一、2007年诺贝尔文学奖得主多丽丝·莱辛,以其怀疑、热情与洞察力,仔细审视一个分裂的文明。她以女性作家特有的笔触刻画了众多令人印象深刻的女性形象,当然也不乏众多形象鲜明的男性形象。在她的众多作品中女主人公们大都具有强烈的女性意识,在男权文化为中心的社会表现出极强的母性意识,"性解放"的进一步发展也增强了其作品中的女性形象的社会深度和影响力。     

The family and medical leave act of 1993: Employee rights and responsibilities,employer rights and responsibilities

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was signed into law on February 5, 1993 after approximately eight years of controversial discussion in Congress. The FMLA provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for eligible employees for the birth or placement for adoption or foster care of a child, to care for a child, spouse, or parent with a serious health condition, or for the employee’s own serious health condition. The Act is intended to help individuals balance their home obligations with their work obligations. This article highlights both employee rights and responsibilities afforded by the FMLA and employer rights and responsibilities under the Act.     

基于遗传算法的质量成本优化及控制研究

针对建筑工程质量形成的过程，根据系统可靠原理，并应用遗传算法进行质量成本的优化，使建筑工程中的可靠性与经济性很好的协调起来，为建筑工程领域及其他领域的质量成本的优化及控制提供了一个新的思路。     

产假政策与子女长期人力资本积累

本文使用2005年1%人口抽样调查数据,以1988年9月中国历史上最大一次产假延长政策作为准自然实验,通过RD方法克服断点前后个体异质性,估算了产假政策变动对子女长期人力资本积累的影响。结论显示,产假时间的延长对子女长期人力资本积累具有积极影响,显著增加了他们的实际受教育年限。排除相关改革的干扰后,这种影响仍显著存在。然而,这种影响存在较大的异质性,经济地位相对更高的女性以及本地女性子女的受益程度相对更大。产生这种现象的内在机制,并非是通过改善个体的健康或家庭经济资源这种间接方式,而是通过正式照料的直接方式。因此,适当延长产假对中国增加代际人力资本积累具有重要意义。中国下一阶段的人口政策调整,需要认识到产假政策在长期人力资本积累中的重要意义,进而实现从数量型的扩张转变为质量型的改善。     

Predicting Behavioral Intentions to Comply with Recommended Leave No Trace Practices

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) for predicting backcountry visitors’ behavioral intentions to comply with recommended Leave No Trace practices. Once confirmed, factors predictive of behavioral intentions can be used to inform the development of more effective persuasive communication strategies and educational messaging. Study participants were overnight backcountry visitors to either Olympic National Park, Washington, or Glacier National Park, Montana. The final model explained over 44% of the variance in the dependent variable, but significant predictors differed between the two parks. Discussion is provided as well as suggestions for those charged with disseminating Leave No Trace messaging.     

Rhetoric versus Reality: Exploring Consumer Empowerment in a Maternity Setting

This study explores consumer empowerment in a maternity setting in the Republic of Ireland. Our results indicate that empowerment is a complex phenomenon influenced by many variables. While the current health services literature is focusing on active consumers of health services, our study shows that not all pregnant women have the same needs for and attitudes toward empowerment: some women do indeed seek to be overtly empowered in the maternity setting and equate empowerment with a high level of control over the service provision; others pursue a more passive role but may still experience such a role as empowering. A theoretical discussion focusing on the complexities of empowerment and issues of power and authoritative knowledge in cultural systems concludes this paper.