Firm ownership and internal labour practices in a transition economy

One feature common to many post‐socialist transition economies is a relatively compressed wage structure in the state‐owned sector. We conjecture that this compressed wage structure creates weak incentives for work effort and worker skill acquisition and thus presents adverse consequences for the entire transition economy if a substantial portion of the labour force works in the state sector. We explore firm wage incentives and worker training, as well as other labour practices and outcomes, in a transition setting with matched firm and worker data collected in one of the largest provinces of Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City. The Vietnamese state sector exhibits a compressed wage distribution in relation to privately owned firms with foreign ownership. State wage practices stress tenure over worker productivity and their wage policies result in flatter wage–experience profiles and lower returns to education. The state work force is in greater need of formal training, a need that is in part met through direct government financing. In spite of the opportunities for government financed training and at least partly due to inefficient worker incentives, state firms, by certain measures, exhibit lower levels of labour productivity. The private sector comparison group to state firms for all of these findings is foreign owned firms. The internal labour practices of foreign firms are more consistent with a view of profit‐maximizing firms operating with no political constraints. This is not the case for Vietnamese de novo private firms that exhibit much more idiosyncratic behaviour and whose labour practices are often indistinguishable from state firms. The exact reasons for this remain a topic of on‐going research yet we conjecture that various private sector constraints, including limited access to formal capital, play an important role.     

A Cross‐national Comparison of R&D Expenditure Decisions: Tax Incentives and Financial Constraints*

We provide evidence on the impact of tax incentives and financial constraints on corporate R&D expenditure decisions. We contribute to extant research by comparing R&D expenditures in the United States and Canada, thereby exploiting the differences in the two countries' R&D tax credit mechanisms and generally accepted accounting principles. The two tax incentive mechanism designs are consistent with differing views of the degree of financial constraints faced by firms in these economies. Our sample also allows us to explore the effects of capitalizing R&D on Canadian firms. Employing a matched design, we document relations between tax credit incentives and R&D spending consistent with both Canadian and U.S. public companies responding as though they are not financially constrained. We estimate that the Canadian credit system induces, on average, $1.30 of additional R&D spending per dollar of taxes forgone while the U.S. system induces, on average, $2.96 of additional spending. We also find that firms that capitalize R&D costs in Canada spend, on average, 18 percent more on R&D. Collectively, this evidence is important to the ongoing debates in both countries concerning the appropriate design of incentives for R&D and is consistent with the assumptions found in the U.S. tax credit system, but not those found in the Canadian system.     

信用评分技术在中小型企业融资的应用研究

目前,我国中小企业存在数量多、信用管理不规范、抵押资产少、融资难等特点。应大力推广中小企业信用评分技术,利用该技术的优势,建立有中国特色的中小企业信用评分模型,解决中小企业融资困境,并且在利用信用评分技术中需要注意信用信息数据完整性和真实性、信用评分技术理论的学习和专业人才培养等问题。     

信贷市场非均衡对需求者与供给者的影响

信贷市场非均衡将改变企业与金融机构的行为 ,降低资源配置效率 ,增加企业与银行的经营成本。“超贷”与“惜贷”都是信贷市场非均衡现象 ,不以利润最大化为目标是导致“超贷”、“惜贷”现象的根本原因。     

完善我国公务员退出机制的思考

公务员的各项制度日益健全完善,但由于公务员退出机制的滞后,使得公务员队伍缺乏活力。进一步健全公务员退出机制是提高行政效率,促进公务员勤政、廉政的重要保证,在公务员管理中起着重要作用。围绕公务员退出问题,阐述国内外公务员退出机制的一般理论及其发展,分析公务员退出难的深层次因素,提出完善我国公务员退出机制的相关建议和措施。     

征信体系中个人信息法律保护制度建设的个案研究——以上海为例

随着经济的发展和我国个人征信体系的建立,人们对个人信用信息保护的需求日益强烈。我国征信体系的建立经历了先试点、后在全国铺开的过程。上海是征信试点城市之一,在个人信用信息法律保护方面积累了一些经验。通过实证研究,分析上海个人信用信息法律保护的特点和经验,对我国征信立法和个人信用信息保护立法有重要的启示。     

景区-社区：基于利益主体的矛盾分析与和谐机制构建初探

旅游业的迅猛发展极大地改变着旅游目的地。空间的紧密性、资源的互动性就使得景区与社区之间发生了密不可分的辩证关系。无数个案说明,构建一个和谐的发展系统对景区、社区来说无疑是一个双赢的选择。景区一社区系统的形成是建立在景区与社区互动的基础上,在对景区一社区系统的要素构成、系统主体及3个层级进行分析的基础上,深入研究了系统中存在的矛盾内核,即多维价值与道德风险,并在结论处提出了构建一个基于政府、景区一社区管委会、旅游企业、社区、第三方力量等利益主体的景区一社区和谐建设机制的构想。采用了规范研究与实证研究相结合、归纳与演绎相结合等研究方法,另外还涉及对价值观的探讨,所以既遵循了科学研究中的价值中立与理性客观,也结合了人文学科中“投入理解”等研究方法。     

对中国人民银行征信法规建设与执法效能的思考

征信法规建设的滞后使得中国人民银行分支机构征信工作缺乏法律依据,一定程度上制约了征信执法效能的发挥。为提高征信执法效能,应进一步完善《征信管理条例》并使之尽早出台,加快制定企业征信方面相关办法、《个人信用信息基础数据库管理办法》实施细则和信用评级方面相关办法等。