Job Creation and Job Destruction in a Regulated Labor Market: The Case of Austria

We study Austrian job reallocation in the period of 1978 to 1998, using a large administrative dataset where we correct for spurious entries and exits of firms. We find that on average 9 out of 100 randomly selected jobs were created within the last year, and that about 9 out of randomly selected 100 jobs were destroyed within the next year. Hence, the magnitude of Austrian job flows seems to be comparable to other countries, similar to the well-known results of Davis et al. (1996) for the United States. Job reallocation appears to be driven primarily by idiosyncratic shocks. However, job creation increases significantly during cyclical upswings whereas job destruction rises in downturns. We also find substantial persistence of job creation and destruction. The pronounced pattern of job reallocation rates falling with firm size and age continues to hold when we use a set of controls. Finally, we show that – controlling for sector and firm size composition – Austrian job reallocation rates are only half the rates for the U.S. This result is not surprising given the impact of tighter regulation and labor law in Austria.     

经济周期性波动与适度调节

改革以来,经济周期性波动的变化特征说明了我国经济的稳定性与抗风险能力增强;经济波动的根源是生产与消费的矛盾,矛盾激化到一定程度,经济运行就表现较大幅度的波动;市场条件与生产条件相背离是生产与消费矛盾激化的市场表现;生产条件短期是难以改变的,而市场条件的改变又是相对迅速的,宏观调控的重要作用就是要适时地调整并改变市场条件,使之与生产条件相适应;需要注意的是,这种调整应该适时适度,否则,反而会进一步加剧经济的较大幅度波动。     

Dynamic Interactions Among Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Indexes in Taiwan,Hong Kong,and China

This study analyzes dynamic interactions among macroeconomic variables and the stock markets of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China by incorporating the long-term and short-term comovements, which can shed some light on the long-term and short-term market efficiency/inefficiency in the region. The number of common cycles is investigated in these markets and each stock index series is decomposed into its trend and cyclical components. The authors observe that foreign stock markets have greater influence on the domestic market than domestic macroeconomic variables do. This implies that policymakers need to consider not only macroeconomic variables but also the effects of markets on one another when markets are integrated.     

结构转变与中国全要素生产率增长

本文基于对我国经济高速增长的源泉以及经济增长是否可持续的争论,通过构建TFP增长的分解方程,强调了结构转变通过资源在不同部门间的再配置对生产率的影响,重新测算了我国改革开放以来的TFP增长率。研究结果表明,我国的TFP增长率较高,资源从低生产率向高生产率部门,尤其是从传统农业向现代工业和服务业部门的再配置对TFP增长有显著作用,其贡献高达28%。因此,对于处于工业化中期的中国来说,经济增长仍具有巨大的潜力和可持续性。     

中国城市化水平与产业生产率增长的实证研究

对1978-2008年中国城市化水平对第二产业和第三产业生产率增长的影响进行实证分析,结果显示：城市化对产业增长的影响有着类似于全要素生产率（TFP）的作用;城市化对产业生产率增长的技术效应和要素重置效应都有贡献。这表明,城市发展对产业增长形成了要素的集聚效应和重置效应,促进了产业生产率的提高;但工资成本的上升不利于产业生产率的增长。     

对完善我国经济普查方案的若干思考

为更好地获取国民经济和社会发展的详细信息,制定合理的国民经济计划和经济政策,国务院决定在2004年开展第一次全国经济普查,这种全新的统计调查是对我国传统普查制度的一次重大改革,无疑具有划时代的意义。然而,从已公布的普查方案看,此次经济普查仍有许多问题不能得到圆满的解决,普查的方案仍需进一步地完善和发展。     

代际再分配与我国养老保险模式的选择

代际再分配是指收入在不同代之间进行的又一次分配,在代际交叠模型中,经济是由不同代的年轻人和老年人组成的。在竞争市场均衡的代际交叠模型中,现收现付制与完全基金制两种保险模式对资本存量以及不同人福利有着不同的影响。人口年龄结构的变化,将对养老保险中的代际再分配产生怎样的影响,是一个颇具新意而且具有现实意义的问题。     

企业失败项目资源再配置研究:一个文献综述

企业失败项目资源再配置问题是当前理论界与实务界迫切需要研究的一个重要课题.从失败学、失败项目以及资源配置角度进行了相关文献梳理,提出了进一步研究方向.     

Employment adjustment in two countries with poor reputations: Analysis of aggregate, firm, and flow data for Portugal and Germany

This paper supplements aggregate time-series analysis of the speed of employment adjustment with evidence from firm panel and flow data for two countries – Portugal and Germany – sharing unenviable labor market reputations. The Portuguese labor market is often portrayed as terminally inert, while that of Germany as badly ailing. We report broad consistency in the results across data sets in favor of Portugal. In benchmarking Portugal against Germany, the adverse reputation of the former – if not necessarily that of the latter country – may have been exaggerated in contemporary policy debate.We thank, without implicating, two anonymous reviewers of this journal for their helpful remarks on an earlier version of the paper.     

The intertemporal stability of the concentration-margins relationship in Dutch and U.S. manufacturing

Factors influencing price-cost margins are investigated using a rich panel data base of the Dutch manufacturing sector. Attention is devoted to the intertemporal stability of the relationship explaining price-cost margins and to a comparison with U.S. results. Our results indicate that isolated cross-section analyses can be misleading. Evidence is provided for similarities and dissimilarities between the U.S. and the Netherlands when explaining price-cost margins. Dutch margins are influenced by industry-specific factors such as sales changes, import competition, capital intensity and operating expenses. Domestic seller concentration, aggregate capacity utilization and export intensity play no distinct roles.This research was sponsored in part by the Economics Research Foundation, which is part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. We wish to thank H. W. de Jong, Leo Sleuwaegen, David Audretsch and Aad Kleijweg for their useful comments.