The economic burden of depression among adults with rheumatoid arthritis in the United States

Aims: Depression is the most frequent comorbidity reported among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Comorbid depression negatively impacts RA patients’ health-related quality-of-life, physical function, mental function, mortality, and experience of pain and symptom severity. The objective of this study was to assess healthcare utilization, expenditures, and work productivity among patients with RA with or without depression.

Materials and methods: Data from adult patients who had at least two visits each related to RA and depression over a 1-year period were extracted from the Truven Health MarketScan research databases. Outcomes comprised healthcare resource utilization, work productivity loss, and direct healthcare costs comparing patients with RA with depression (n?=?3,478) vs patients with RA without depression (n?=?43,222).

Results: Patients with RA and depression had a significantly greater relative risk of hospitalization and number of all-cause and RA-related hospitalizations, utilization of emergency services, days spent in the hospital, physician visits, and RA-related surgeries compared with RA patients without depression. Patients with RA and depression had a higher risk of and experienced more events and days of short-term disability compared with patients without depression. The incremental adjusted annual all-cause and RA-related direct costs were $8,488 (95% CI = $6,793–$10,223) and $578 (95% CI = –$98–$1,243), respectively, when comparing patients with RA and depression vs RA only.

Limitations: The current analysis is subject to the known limitations of retrospective studies based on administrative claims data.

Conclusions: This study suggested increased healthcare utilization, work productivity loss, and economic burden among RA patients due to comorbid depression. These findings emphasize the importance of managing depression and including depression as a factor when devising treatment algorithms for patients with RA.     

砼偏心受压构件折减系数计算公式的几个注解

根据弹性稳定理论,对当量弯矩折减系数Cm的计算公式的应用范围作了进一步说明,并确定了其应用范围.同时,考虑砼偏心受压构件的弹塑性性能,推导了新的公式,与原有的公式比较,具有同样的精确度,由于考虑了砼材料的变形模量,因此其结果更接近实际.     

流体包裹体在油气地质中的应用──以喀什凹陷为例

本文在成岩作用研究的基础上，对喀什凹陷第三纪灰岩中的流体包裹体作了初步研究，通过包裹体的显微测温及包裹体的再平衡研究，得出了该区灰岩的成岩温度及其经历的最大古地温。并利用包裹体资料对该区的生油岩作了初步评价。     

Lessons from the transition process

The illusions that market mechanism would transform former communist countries easily into welfare states were gradually replaced by disappointments. Major problems are common to all countries in transition; they all endured an unprecedented fall in measured output and rise of unemployment. Four countries: former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia constitute a group in which the fall was the lowest and which also have reached the bottom. While the mechanisms of depression in these countries differ basic links of the vicious circle seem to be similar. The transition is reflected in constitutional provisions on property rights; new constitutions depart radically from their socialist predecessors, return to the principles of French revolution, and provide more than adequate protection of private property. Equally important are legal frameworks for market activities, and privatization aimed to improve efficiency, enable fairness, and serve in the abolition of the monoparty system.     

推进我国民间金融有序运行的思考

我国的中央政府一直正视民间金融的实际存在。我国民间金融发展存在着六个方面的显著特点，即类型多、规模巨、起步早、能量足、市场北和风险大。提出我国民间金融发展过程中的政府作为与有效远行的相关对策。     

高邮凹陷沙埝南—永安地区戴一段油气成藏期次综合研究

本文先用圈闭形成期法、烃源岩主生烃期法、饱和压力法得出研究区油气成藏的大致年代,然后根据包裹体均一温度法确定油气充注的具体期次,最后综合分析得出研究区三期成藏的结论。     

萧条经济学研究——关于“大萧条”研究的文献述评

20世纪二三十年代发生在美国乃至整个世界的“大萧条”不但催生了凯恩斯主义的产生,而且成为此后货币主义与凯恩斯主义论战的主要阵地。而20世纪80年代之后的经济学发展更是在此争论基础上进一步发展起来了新古典综合、新凯恩斯主义、新新古典综合、新宏观政治经济学、奥地利学派等流派。关于这场危机的争论始终推动着经济学的前进,形成了百家争鸣的局面。汇总关于“大萧条”的研究对于我们加深对经济学的认识、增加经济学解释现实的能力具有重要的意义。     

小资料

小资料世界上有哪些市场经济模式目前，世界上大体有三种市场经济模式：即德国模式、日本模式和美国模式。德国模式：社会市场经济模式。吸收了社会主义国家的一些长处，如＂社会公平＂、＂社会保险＂等等，但它不搞社会主义高度集中的计划经济体制。所有社会主义保障、社...     

Distance in time between transition economies and the European Union

The time distance methodology used offers a new perspective to the problem, an additional statistical measure, and a presentation tool for policy analysis and debate readily understood by policy makers, media and general public. Disparity between the analysed transition economies and EU countries is considerably smaller for other indicators than for GDP per capita. Compared with Ireland, Portugal and Greece Slovenia was in 1995 in 13 cases behind (but time lag of Slovenia never exceeded 10 years) and in 13 cases ahead of them. Sicherl (1997a) discusses application of S-distance to time series regressions, models, forecasting and monitoring. First version received: October 1995/final version received: April 1998     

Swiss Exchange Rate Policy in the 1930s. Was the Delay in Devaluation Too High a Price to Pay for Conservatism?

In this paper we examine the experience of Switzerland’s devaluation in 1936. We ask the following questions: what were the issues at stake in the political debate? What was the cost to Switzerland of the delay in the franc devaluation? What would have been the costs and benefits of an earlier exchange rate policy? To answer these questions we construct a simple open economy macro model of the interwar Swiss economy. We then posit counterfactual scenarios of alternative exchange rate pegs in 1931 and 1933. Our simulations clearly show a significant and large increase in real economic activity.