Simulación de la tasa de reciclaje de productos electrónicos Un modelo de dinámica de sistemas para la red de logística inversa

Current trends in the development and innovation of information technologies and shorter life cycles of electronic products have resulted in the generation of large amounts of waste (e-waste) which can potentially cause environmental problems due to the toxicity of some of their components. The e-waste problematic has attracted the attention of governments, companies and consumers that look to identify strategies for the management and proper disposal of e-waste with the goal to protect the environment. This work uses the methodology of system dynamics to simulate how the rate of products returned by individuals and the amount of computers recovered in an open-loop reverse supply chain, varies under different scenarios. The simulated scenarios correspond to the possible combinations of five macro factors: rate of innovation and product life cycle, information available to consumers about e-waste recycling, legislation, e-waste programs structure along with diffusion and publicity efforts. The results of the simulation are relevant to identify over which factors it is convenient to intervene to increase the amount of recycled computers because this amount represents a reduction in the volume of e-waste and an enterprise opportunity to generate earnings from recycling computers.     

The Social Cost of Environmental Solutions

This article assesses the social consequences of efforts by multinational corporations to capture business value through recycling, reusing materials and reducing waste. Synthesising evidence from the global environmental justice and feminist and international political economy (IPE) literatures, it analyses the changing social property relations of global recycling chains. The authors argue that, although recycling more would seem to make good ecological sense, corporate programmes can rely on and further ingrain social patterns of harm and exploitation, particularly for the burgeoning labour force that depends on recyclables for subsistence living. Turning the waste stream into a profit stream also relies on prison labour in some places, such as in the United States where the federal government operates one of the country's largest electronics recycling programmes. The ongoing corporatisation of recycling, the authors argue further, is devaluing already marginalised populations within the global economy. Highlighting the need to account for the dynamism between social and environmental change within IPE scholarship, the article concludes by underlining the ways in which ‘green commerce’ programmes can shift capital's contradictions from nature onto labour.     

基于产品电子代码的电子废旧品回收信息共享平台研究

本文认为,基于产品电子代码的产品责任提供商电子废旧品回收模式中,由电子产品生产商、回收拆解中心与产品责任提供商构成的供应链各节点彼此通过产品电子代码系统共享信息,而利用多代理系统促进三方分工协作,可以降低物流成本,提高各节点的满意度。在多代理系统中,管理控制代理是整个系统的核心,负责检测各个代理及其功能,在出现安全问题或漏洞时派相应的维护代理对系统进行维护;协调代理对整个供应链中的各个冲突进行协调,促使系统高效运作;决策代理对于实时信息作出反应,帮助执行计划,修改、提高系统资源利用率;服务代理将各个职能划分成一系列的元任务由一个个服务代理完成。     

电子废物中酞酸酯的分析

电子废物是一种有用的可再生资源,但不当的处置会对环境产生严重污染。试验建立了用气相色谱质谱联用选择离子检测（GC—MS—SIM）技术测定电子废物中酞酸酯类污染物的方法。样品经索氏提取,硅胶／氧化铝（2：1）柱净化,用GC—MS法分析。结果表明,6种酞酸酯的平均回收率为86．8％－109．4％;相对标准偏差（RSD）为1．2％～2．1％;DMP、DBP、BBP、DEP、DEHP和DOP的检测限分别为15．0、10．0、4．0、10．0、8．0和10．0ng／g。该方法操作简便,准确度和灵敏度高,可同时测定电子废物中的6种酞酸酯。具有很强的实用性。     

贵屿电子拆解业发展原因分析

本文通过对贵屿电子拆解业的实地考察,叙述了其发展历程及取得的巨大成就,分析认为其迅速发展的原因包括独特的地理位置和商业习惯、充足的原料来源和高利润率,并认为政府管制的弱化是贵屿拆解业获得奇迹般发展的决定性因素。最后就贵屿的未来发展提出了三点发展建议,即产业升级、处理方向转变和产业多元化。     

Logistic model-based forecast of sales and generation of obsolete computers in the U.S.

Our goal is to characterize future trends in the generation of obsolete computers in the U.S. Starting from historical sales data on new computers and assuming a plausible first lifespan distribution, we extrapolate the historical sales trend to the future using a logistic model. The major challenge is that the personal computer is still in an early stage of its technology adoption life cycle and thus early for statistical fits to yield a reasonable estimation of carrying capacity (or saturation adoption level). Our approach is to use a bounding analysis which characterizes a range based on plausible upper and lower bounds on the future carrying capacity (1.3 and 1.0 computers per capita respectively). These lower and upper bounds yield a generation of 92 and 107 million obsolete computers in 2020 respectively. The growth rates of adoption over the next decade are very different for lower versus upper bound, however by 2020 the adoption will be at most 8% away from the long-term carrying capacity in both cases. Assuming computer adoption follows logistic behavior we assert that the saturation level of generation of obsolete computers is not much more than a decade away. The current recycling level of computers is 65 million units, thus if the U.S. expects to recycle computers domestically significant growth of recycling facilities will be required. Note however that this analysis does not address how long obsolete computers are stored nor the distribution of obsolete computers to reuse, recycling, landfill options. This is an important issue to resolve in future work.     

电子废弃物回收处理系统环境绩效评估方法及应用

基于生命周期工具,从物质代谢效率和生态环境效益两方面建立了电子废弃物回收处理系统的环境绩效评估指标与方法,并以废弃手机为研究对象,分析现阶段我国回收处理系统的环境绩效水平及其改进潜力。结果显示,废弃手机回收处理系统在物质代谢效率指标方面表现出较好的绩效水平,但在生态环境效益方面尚存进一步优化的空间。通过情景设置开展优化分析结果表明:生产者主导回收情景在各项环境绩效指标上均略有改进;区域产业链配套情景下运输距离的减少仅对人体健康改善指标起到优化效果;鼓励部件再使用情景和先进资源化技术情景可显著提升废弃手机回收处理系统的环境绩效,前者优化效果主要表现在生态环境效益指标上,后者优化效果更均衡。     

Evaluating effects on the flow of electrical and electronic equipment and energy consumption due to alternative consumption patterns in China

In this paper, we evaluated the effects of consumer’s behavioural changes on usage and disposal of home appliances. With the model to estimate the product circulation, first we conducted the sensitivity analysis with the six parameters, namely urbanisation, household size, Gini coefficient, product lifetime and selection rate of used product and high energy efficiency product. Then, secondly we evaluated CO₂ emission and e-waste generation from four consumers’ different behavioural patterns, which are named as ‘Business As Usual’ (BAU), ‘Rapid Cycling’ (RC), ‘Chain of Users’ (CU) and ‘Quality and Wisdom’ (QW). As a result, the QW scenario was the best lifestyle in both criteria. Further, RC scenario had an advantage on the reduction in e-waste generation in one hand, but CU scenario reduced more CO₂ emission. During the transition era of China from materially poor to rich, it could be one of the solutions to utilise energy-efficient second-hand product to improve the living standards of the poor and replace technologically inferior product stocks in poor households.