The Multilevel Approach to Repeated Measures for Complete and Incomplete Data

Repeated measurements often are analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). An alternative approach is provided by multilevel analysis, also called the hierarchical linear model (HLM), which makes use of random coefficient models. This paper is a tutorial which indicates that the HLM can be specified in many different ways, corresponding to different sets of assumptions about the covariance matrix of the repeated measurements. The possible assumptions range from the very restrictive compound symmetry model to the unrestricted multivariate model. Thus, the HLM can be used to steer a useful middle road between the two traditional methods for analyzing repeated measurements. Another important advantage of the multilevel approach to analyzing repeated measures is the fact that it can be easily used also if the data are incomplete. Thus it provides a way to achieve a fully multivariate analysis of repeated measures with incomplete data. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

当前经济环境下的注册会计师诚信建设

在当前经济环境下,随着审计市场竞争的加剧,注册会计师行业遭遇到了严重的诚信危机。审计市场的逆向选择现象在一定范围内存在,起到了不良的示范效应。只有从外因与内因这两个方面入手,不断完善注册会计师行业的诚信环境以及加强从业人员自身的诚信意识,才能促进注册会计师行业得到更健康长远的发展。     

电子商务网上交易的信用查询研究

目前制约我国电子商务发展的诸多因素中，信用缺失问题是最主要的原因。信用问题的核心是信用信息的真实性，而对这种真实性进行信用查询的目标是为了降低买卖双方在网上交易过程中的风险。我们可以利用互联网技术在信息传播方面即时性、广延性的特点和优势，在电子商务平台上构建信用查询体系，来降低交易风险。从信息组织的角度对信用及信用查询体系作了初步探讨，分析了电子商务环境下信用的特点及组织实施信用查询所涉及的主要技术和方法。     

河南省旅游资源地域组织研究

河南省有着非常丰富的旅游资源,目前已初步形成了以“三点一线”、“一带四区”为重点的旅游精品项目。但其开发存在着协作开发意识淡薄、资源整合力度小等问题,限制了优势的发挥。为此,文章提出了由“点”到“线”再到“面”的地域组织思路,即从培育三级旅游中心地,到构筑二条旅游发展轴,再到构建合理的旅游区等级体系。     

Interviewers,Interviewer Continuity,and Panel Survey Nonresponse

It is widely known that in practice, different interviewers have different response rates, though there has been no systematic examination of whether this is because of differences among interviewers or differences among those areas allocated to the interviewers (area effects), or both. Furthermore, the conventional wisdom in survey research suggests that it is advisable to have the same interviewers return to the same respondents in order to maintain good response rates in longitudinal surveys, though once again there has been very little documented experimental research to support this. This paper makes use of the interpenetrated sample design experiment in Wave 2 of the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) (i) to explore the effects of interviewers' background characteristics and years of experience on response rates, (ii) to identify and estimate the differential effects of interviewers on response rates and compare the magnitudes of area and interviewer effects, and (iii) to investigate the impact of interviewer continuity. The analysis is facilitated by the use of cross-classified multilevel modelling. The paper also looks at the issue of interviewer continuity qualitatively, through the impressions of the interviewers themselves.     

会计诚信建设的途径探析

会计造假现象不仅给国家的财产造成巨大的损失,而且给人民的生活也带来巨大危害,因此会计诚信成为消除会计造假现象的一剂良药。本文立足会计诚信的现状分析会计诚信缺失造成的危害,以及会计诚信缺失的原因,并提出建设良好会计诚信的建议。     

财务治理分层论

随着改革开放以来我国市场经济体制的改革与发展,现代企业财务制度不再是只由企业所有者单方包揽大局,而是由企业所有者、经营者和财务经理等分层对企业进行管理和治理,于是财务分层治理思想应用而生。     

Inflation targeting credibility and sovereign risk: evidence from Colombia

This article relates to the literature on sovereign risk in developing countries. In particular, we present empirical evidence to address the effect of inflation targeting credibility on sovereign risk based on the Colombian experience. The findings denote that credibility is an important improvement in the institutional framework to reduce the sovereign risk premium.     

华为负值PBGT切换技术应用

负值PBGT切换技术的实现和分层分级算法相似,但比分层分级算法更加灵活,它是移动通信系统中非常重要的技术。现通过工程实践多次使用网络优化工具设置负值PBGT切换参数,实现在双频网优化上的应用,可以避免乒乓切换引起掉话,该技术的应用有重要的现实意义。     

Is Current Way of Promoting Sustainability,Sustainable?

Consumer behavior regarding sustainable products has been a complex concept. There is a discrepancy between consumer’s espoused concern towards environment and their purchase of environment friendly products. Past literature suggests greenwashing being a possible reason for this discrepancy. With greenwashing being caused by mismatch between communication and perceived performance, this article focuses on assessment of simultaneous impact of both communication and performance elements on brand attitude. A quantitative study was undertaken to test the hypotheses. This was followed by a qualitative study to understand alternative explanation of hypotheses that was not accepted. The research revealed that a consumer’s attitude toward a green brand is impacted both by his or her general skepticism towards green ads and the credibility that she assigns to the firm’s green message. Perceived value of product also had a positive impact on brand attitude. Findings advance academic literature and support managerial community by highlighting factors for building a positive green brand attitude and resultantly avoiding the trap of being equated with greenwashing.