Large-scale participatory co-shaping of technological developments: First experiments with PARDIZIPP

A future-oriented participatory procedure on the basis of the Delphi method was developed and empirically tested a first time with the goal to improve the shaping of technological developments. The technology under study here was micro-electronics or rather their relationship with labor and the test took place in NorthRhine-Westphalia.Today problems exist in all walks of life. There is a lot of talk about today's problems as if they were new, though one has heard similar arguments throughout history. How do we assess if we are really in danger of bringing the world to an end? Although this danger appears real, it would not be the first time in history that people have thought and felt like this--However, one thing that is new are the consequences of modern sciences and technology, which are not suited to given social and environmental requirements. They have given rise to questions concerning the quality of the decision-makers. The questioning of many of these decisions has increased for some time and is now getting more and more specific, with a demand for quality and information rather than managerial skills and competitiveness from the decision-makers. The term ‘decision-maker’ describes those who determine the application of technology, science and technical equipment which has either existed for a long time already or has recently been developed.--It is not easy to change the structures and processes of decision-making so that new structures and processes will be more suited to social and environmental requirements. We have tested our ideas as to how this could be done, in an empirical project. Although we called it ‘Project NRW-2000’, it would probably be better described as an experiment.--We persuaded 90 ordinary people to participate in this project as ‘experts on daily life and work’. This group was asked to work in six regional sub-groups and discuss, with reference to three given normative societal scenarios for the year 2020, the relationship between microelectronics and labour markets of the year 2020, on the basis of a participatory Delphi procedure. Before we elaborate on the concept of our project in Section 3, we would like to outline it in terms of the mainstream of the sociology of technology as well as with research on ‘acceptance’ in Section 1. In Section 2 we will briefly illustrate the framework of the research programme ‘Socially Oriented Shaping of Technology’ of the state of Northrhine-Westphalia, which funded our research project. Section 4 particularly deals with the participatory elements of our project, while Section 5 is devoted to the development of the scenarios. Section 6 sums up the results of the ‘scenario-construction’. Regarding specific elements, we restrict ourselves to topics concerning technology, labour, and the relationship between women workers/employees and technology. As a final outlook we deal with the political implications of our approach. All that is left is to remind our readers that we regard this project as a first application or experiment within our overall approach.     

伊曲康唑对合用药物药代动力学的影响机制初探

目的探讨伊曲康唑对合用药物药代动力学的影响机制,为临床上安全合理地利用合成药物提供依据。方法利用健康成人的肝细胞微粒体,将其分为加入不同浓度伊曲康唑的10个小组,浓度梯度为0.0、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2μg/ml,每组做5个平行组,之后在其中五组加入肝细胞微粒体细胞色素的P450的同功酶1A2的底物非那西丁,在另外五组中加入同工酶3A4的底物睾酮,测量不同伊曲康唑下的同功酶1A2和3A4的相对活性。结果各浓度伊曲康唑组对同功酶1A2作用效果无明显差异,各浓度伊曲康唑组对同功酶3A4的作用较明显,同功酶3A4的活性随着伊曲康唑的浓度增大而减小,其减小到本实验的最大活性一半时的伊曲康唑的浓度为0.7μg/ml。结论伊曲康唑对健康成年人肝细胞微粒体细胞色素酶同功酶1A2的活性无显著影响;但是它对同功酶3A4的活性有明显抑制作用,极大地影响了同功酶3A4对合用药物药代动力学的各种参数。