Mountaineering in Cuba: improvement of true accessibility as an opportunity for regional development of communities outside the tourism enclaves

Mass tourism began in the Caribbean during the middle of the twentieth century. Unfortunately, increasing competition and a change in the motivation of tourists now force the authorities who manage these regions to introduce a new tourism offer that is not based directly on either the 3S (Sun, Sand, and Sea) or 3E (Entertainment, Excitement, Education) model. Hiking, trekking, and climbing, defined as mountaineering, might be one of these. This paper examines the potential for mountaineering in Cuba by verifying its accessibility for tourists. The assessment is based on a framework of true accessibility, which consists of two factors: (1) destination accessibility and (2) real access. Our results show that mountaineering in Cuba should be considered to be one of the key contributors to the development, prosperity, and well-being of all stakeholders, and especially for the communities outside the tourism enclaves.     

Risk Perception and Buying Behavior: An Examination of Some Relationships in the Context of Cruise Tourism in Jamaica

Cruise tourism continues to grow substantially, even as many other forms of travel stagnate. In this era of increasing worldwide violence against tourists, safety, security, and risk abatement are becoming principal components in travelers' decision-making processes. This work examines the issue of perceived risk and safety and what impact these perceptions have on shopping behavior. The research takes place in Jamaica, a country with a reputation for aggressive vendors. Findings indicate that those visitors who traveled with others spent more time shopping and purchased more. Additionally, it was found that first time visitors express higher levels of discomfort with their surroundings than did repeat visitors, thus inhibiting purchase behavior. Finally, it was found that levels of perceived risk and security did have an impact on a traveler's intention to return to Jamaica.     

Western Hemispheric Trade Integration: An Update of FTAA Negotiations

ABSTRACT

The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) is a comprehensive trade negotiation process embracing the 34 democratic nations of the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is premised on enabling prosperity through increased economic integration and free trade (where barriers to trade in goods and services and investment are progressively eliminated) among the countries of the Western Hemisphere with a view to raising standards of living. Leaders of these hemispheric partner nations officially launched trade negotiations at the second Summit of the Americas. The FTAA process has again reached an important milestone as far-reaching negotiations are set to begin in earnest come May 15, 2002. This article seeks to examine briefly and provide an update of the process and also offer insight into how it could be affected by a March decision by the Bush Administration to severely restrict the U.S. market to steel imports from the rest of the world. This latter analysis is specific to and especially relevant for the “small economies” of the Caribbean.

RESUMEN. Un proceso de negociación comprensible que engloba a 34 naciones democráticas del Hemisferio Occidental. Su concepto se basa en la premisa de fomentar la prosperidad a través de una mayor integración económica y el libre comercio (donde las barreras contra los bienes, servicios e inversiones se eliminarían paulatinamente) entre los países del Hemisferio Occidental, con miras a aumentar los patrones de vida de la región. Los líderes de estos Estados Partes lanzaron oficialmente las negociaciones durante la segunda Cumbre de las Américas. El proceso del ALCA nuevamente enfrenta una gran posibilidad de avance, ya que las negociaciones se han programado para el 14 de Mayo de 2002. El propósito de este artículo es hacer un breve examen y actualizar el proceso, ofreciendo una visión un poco más profunda del efecto que las discusiones programadas para Mayo podrían sentir por el efecto de una decisión tomada por la Administración Bush de restringir, rigurosamente, las imploraciones de acero al Mercado norteamericano provenientes de cualquier parte del mundo. Este último análisis afecta específicamente a las “pequeñas economías” del Caribe.

RESUMO. A Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA) é um processo abrangente de negociação comercial, envolvendo as trinta e quatro naç[otilde]es democráticas do Hemisfério Ocidental. A ALCA se fundamenta na possibilidade de promover a prosperidade, através de uma crescente integração econômica e da livre negociação (em que as barreiras para o comércio de bens e serviços e de investimento são eliminadas progressivamente) entre os países do Hemisfério Ocidental, objetivando a melhoria do padrão de vida. Os líderes das naç[otilde]es associadas deste hemisfério criaram, oficialmente, tais negociaç[otilde]es comerciais, na segunda Conferência das Américas. O processo da ALCA conseguiu, novamente, atingir um marco importante, ao estabelecer que estas negociaç[otilde]es, de grande alcance, tenham início, impreterivelmente, no próximo dia 15 de maio de 2002. Este artigo tenta examinar, sinteticamente, este processo, atualizá-lo e, também, mostrar a dimensão das conseqüências da decisão da Administração Bush, de março, impondo ao mercado americano severas restriç[otilde]es às importaç[otilde]es de aço do resto do mundo. Esta última análise é especialmente relevante para “as pequenas economias” do Caribe, a que se refere especificamente.     

Effects of Free Trade on Women and Immigrants: CAFTA and the Rural Dominican Republic

We construct a disaggregated rural economywide model with a focus on gender and immigration as well as on the allocation of time to wage work, household production activities, and housework (reproduction). We use this model to simulate the impacts of the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) on rural incomes and welfare in the Dominican Republic. We find that elimination of agricultural import tariffs hurts both agricultural and non-agricultural households, via adverse factor-market effects, but impacts vary substantially by workers’ gender and country of origin. Females and Haitian immigrants tend to fare better than Dominican males, and there are ramifications for both market and non-market activities.     

A Note on the Labor Market Effects of Remittances in Latin American and Caribbean Countries: Do Thresholds Exist?

The labor market effects of remittances have long been examined in the empirical literature. To date, the results have been mixed: some authors observe a negative association between remittances and unemployment while others report that remittances increase unemployment. This study empirically examines the impact of remittances on unemployment using macroeconomic data for a sample of 18 Latin American and Caribbean countries. Specifically, the study tests whether there is a nonlinear relationship between the variables. Results suggest that when the remittance‐to‐GDP ratio is low, remittances have a positive and significant impact on unemployment. However, as they increase, remittances are negatively associated with unemployment. This suggests the possibility that estimations based on the assumption of a linear relationship between remittances and labor may mask the true relationship between the variables.     

Ludic and liminoid aspects of charter yacht tourism in the Caribbean

The behavior of charter yacht tourists in the British Virgin Islands can be viewed as a symbolic expression and an inversion of the central sexual and social ideologies of the tourists' home culture. The paper analyses the behavior as a form of play, following Huizinga and Norbeck, and in terms of liminality and communitas, following Victor Turner. The conspicuously “anti-structural” mores and behavior allow the tourists licensed suspension of everyday rules, while reinforcing the latter. The tourists' image of the Caribbean as a sensual playground and the hosts' image of the tourists as self-centered and frivolous are established and perpetuated in this liminoid context.     

Natural disaster and destination management: the case of the Caribbean and hurricane Irma

This current issue in the Caribbean raises the topic of destination management and more particularly the importance of considering natural phenomenon when planning and developing a tourism product. The impacts of Irma on some Caribbean islands such as Saint-Barthelemy, Saint-Martin, Barbuda and Anguilla show that hurricanes are major risks for the tourism industry of the islands. This risk could be said to be absolute in the Caribbean but the negative impacts can be mitigated by appropriate strategies. To some extent, natural disasters provide tabularaza that give destinations opportunities to reinvent themselves sustainability.     

Stakeholders,the natural environment and the future of Caribbean cruise tourism

Given the sheer complexity of effectively managing the web of potential stakeholders in any tourism development it is argued that for the future of Caribbean cruise tourism, the task is compounded by several key issues that warrant discussion. These include the economic dependency of the Caribbean region on tourism, the inequity of power relations between the various stakeholder groups and the lack of proven collaboration within this fragmented region of culturally diverse islands. This paper addresses these issues, discussing the importance of collaboration and planning for development, highlighting the disparate needs of the different stakeholders involved and drawing attention to the continuing paradox between maximising the opportunities presented by Caribbean cruise tourism whilst effectively managing its sustained development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

Prospects for Latin America and Caribbean Region in the Global Market for International Tourism: A Projection to the Year 2020

International tourism has become very important to several developing countries as a major source of foreign exchange earnings for their economic development. This article explores the potentials of countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region in the global market for international tourism up to the end of the next decade. This was achieved by analyzing past trends of international tourism in the region, and projecting these trends to the year 2020 using a combination of four different time‐series projection models evaluated by the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results show that international tourism arrivals into the Latin America and Caribbean region would increase from 51.21 million in 2004 (end of observed period) to between 87.58 million and 100.03 million by the year 2020. The corresponding figures for international tourism receipts would go from US$34.11 billion in 2004 to between US$64.92 billion and US$75.79 billion by the year 2020. Socioeconomic impacts of these findings are given, and recommendations for marketing strategies, government public policies, and directions for future research are discussed.