Learning of cycles and sunspot equilibria by Genetic Algorithms

We analyze the learning behaviour of a Simple Genetic Algorithm in an overlapping generations model with one consumption good and fiat money. It is shown by simulations, that in cases where periodic equilibria exist the equilibrium of period two is learned by a Genetic Algorithm and not the monetary steady state. We further show that proper coding leads to convergence of the GA towards the sunspot equilibrium. If individuals who believe in the impact of sunspots are brought together with individuals who ignore the sunspots, the sunspot believes will in most cases drive the other individuals out of the population.     

预期寿命、生育率变动与基本养老保险统筹账户调整

在构建三期世代交叠模型的基础上,通过选取相关制度指标来模拟分析在未来预期寿命和生育率变动下,基本养老保险统筹账户如何基于参数调整来维持收支平衡。研究结果表明：（1）我国居民预期寿命增长过快,统筹账户收支平衡受预期寿命变化影响较大;（2）在现阶段的预期寿命和生育率条件下,统筹账户能实现自身收支平衡,而且可在短期内通过阶段性降低缴费率来促进制度长远发展;（3）在长期内需通过提高缴费率或降低养老金替代率来保证统筹账户收支平衡,预期寿命为87.828岁且总和生育率为1.79作为参数调整临界点;（4）以现有制度设计为基准,参数调整临界点之前保证35%的基础养老金平均替代率不降,临界点之后保证20%的缴费率不升可以最大程度促进经济和社会发展。     

论降低缴费率对养老金给付的影响——基于现收现付制度的视角

在现收现付制中,当前养老金缴费的减少对养老金的给付不一定有消极的影响。由于养老金的给付水平取决于资本份额的分配和跨主观贴现因子,利用简化的戴蒙德的叠代模型证明,当生产资本权重较高和主观贴现因子较低时,当前年轻一代缴费率的减少会提高养老金的给付水平。     

动态无效率产生的原因解析——对David Romer《高级宏观经济学》教科书观点的修正

美国经济学家David Romer通过一个特例说明有可能存在动态无效率的现象,而没有深究为什么会存在这种现象,这种做法在美国高级宏观经济学教科书中一脉相承。通过对拉姆齐模型和世代交叠模型的比较,本研究发现,动态无效率的现象源于世代交叠模型两期寿命的假定,导致实际利率的变化缺少了约束,会低于持平投资的增长率。本研究指出:动态无效率不是来源于资本动态学方程的特例,而是来源于模型的期限结构,内生于模型的结构。萨缪尔森世代交叠模型可以证明本研究的结论。     

新生代员工工作价值观：后现代主义的视角

近年来,新生代群体开始步入工作场所,并将逐渐成为社会的主流。与此同时,代际问题日益凸显,成为各研究领域的热点话题。价值观是行为的内在驱动,对员工的工作态度及行为有着显著影响,因而关系到团队与组织的绩效。研究发现,相对于前几代员工,出生于1980年后的新生代员工成长于更为安定的社会经济环境中,更易形成“后现代主义价值观”（Postmodernist value）。本文以后现代主义价值观的基本特征为基础,回顾了价值观、工作价值观与代际问题的理论基础及研究方法,结合我国特有的历史文化背景,对新生代员工的工作价值观进行探讨,并对今后的代际管理研究及如何进行更有效的实践管理提出建议。     

收入代际分配结构与我国社会消费倾向——一个基于Diamond模型的社会消费总量模型分析

基于Diamond模型的社会消费总量模型显示收入代际分配结构影响社会消费倾向。产出对消费的影响通过工资和资产收益率两个渠道传递。我国青年人群收入占社会总收入的比重过大,消费对当期产出过度平滑,导致持续下滑的低消费率和国内有效需求不足。发展资本市场可以提高国内有效需求。     

食品消费的代际差异——基于中国健康与营养调查的实证研究

本文使用CHNS2000、2004年的个体膳食调查数据，估计60年代和70年代生人的四大类食物（谷类、蔬菜类、畜肉类和蛋类）的消费函数。对回归结果进行分析发现，食品消费对于价格因素并不敏感，收入是影响消费决策的重要变量；并且代际差异确实存在。就收入弹性而言，两者在畜肉类食物上的差异最大。同时，对于收入引致的畜肉类食物消费增量与身体质量指数（BMI）增量之间关系的研究认为，两者存在显著正相关关系，这有助于解释70年代生人超重和肥胖人口比例迅速上升的现象。     

Mobile communications – On standards,classifications and generations

The research question addressed in this paper is concerned with the manners in which the general technological progress in mobile communications is characterized and the reasons for the differences in these modes of manifestation. The relevance of this research question is that the different manifestation modes create a degree of confusion in communications and discussions on mobile technologies. At the same time, it should be recognized that different manners of categorizing technologies illustrate the fact that categorizations are based on different purposes of the classification exercises. Also, the paper discusses the role of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the processes of mobile standardization.In common parlance, progress in mobile technologies is mostly referred to as generations. In ITU, the classification terminology is that of International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) standards. In the specialized standards body with a central position in the standardization of core mobile technologies, namely 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), the terminology of ‘releases’ is used. In order to address the research question, the paper uses an analytical framework based on the differences and relationships between the concepts of standards, classifications and generations.     

循环经济发展的税收原则构想

循环经济作为环境保护、资源节约型经济发展新模式,其实质是生态经济、高效经济。要想利用税收政策促进循环经济发展,必须对传统税收原则进行重新定位。按照循环经济特征和税收工作实际,我国进行循环经济税收政策设计时,应着重遵循生态效率、代际公平、环保收入和依法治税四项原则。     

The effects of generational work values on employee brand attitude and behavior: A multi-group analysis

The competitive hospitality industry requires effective external and internal brand management. Since service employees bring the brand to life, insight regarding their motivational drivers is important. Given a multigenerational hospitality workforce, individual motivations will likely differ and therefore inform attitudes and behavior differently. Adopting work values as a motivational lens, and drawing on generational theory, this study surveys 303 hospitality employees to understand how generational collective memories (i.e., formative referents) inform individuals’ work values. Further, it examines how generational work values differentially influence employees’ perceived brand fit and brand citizenship behavior. The results suggest that an individual’s collective memories from their formative years influence their work values, with altruistic, social and intrinsic work values having a positive impact on employee brand attitude and behavior, while extrinsic and leisure work values have no significant impact. Generational differences are evident, but not always in a manner that is consistent with previous literature.