投入产出乘数模型与其扩展方法

在投入产出模型里引入凯恩斯乘数理论，建立能够计算结构化乘数的投入产出乘数模型，是近年来投入产出领域探讨较多的一个问题。从前提假设、乘数效应的传导机制和最终推导结果等方面对凯恩斯乘数模型和投入产出乘数模型进行比较，指出建立投入产出乘数模型将凯恩斯乘数进行结构化处理，应该从放宽前提假设条件入手，并以引入列向旁侧效应为例对原模型进行了扩展。     

Thermodynamics and process analysis for future economic scenarios

Economists are increasingly interested in forecasting future costs and benefits of policies for dealing with materials/energy fluxes, polluting emissions and environmental impacts on various scales, from sectoral to global. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are currently popular because they project demand and industrial structure into the future, along an equilibrium path. But they are applicable only to the extent that structural changes occur in or near equilibrium, independent of radical technological (or social) change. The alternative tool for analyzing economic implications of scenario assumptions is to use Leontief-type Input-Output (I-O) models. I-O models are unable to endogenize structural shifts (changing I-O coefficients). However, this can be a virtue when considering radical rather than incremental shifts. Postulated I-O tables can be used independently to check the internal consistency of scenarios. Or I-O models can be used to generate scenarios by linking them to econometric macro-drivers (which can, in principle, be CGE models). Explicit process analysis can be integrated, in principle, with I-O models. This hybrid scheme provides a natural means of satisfying physical constraints, especially the first and second laws of thermodynamics. This is important, to avoid constructing scenarios based on physically impossible processes. Process analysis is really the only available tool for constructing physically plausible alternative future I-O tables, and generating materials/energy and waste emissions coefficients. Explicit process analysis also helps avoid several problems characteristic of pure CGE or I-O models, viz. (1) aggregation errors (2) inability to handle arbitrary combinations of co-product and co-input relationships and (3) inability to reflect certain non-linearities such as internal feedback loops.     

Using Weighted Least Squares to Deflate Input–Output Tables

This article proposes a balancing procedure for the deflation of input–output (I-O) tables from the viewpoint of users. This is a ‘subjective’ variant of the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method, already known in the literature. It is argued that it is more flexible than other methods, and it is shown that SWLS subsumes the first-order approximation of RAS as a special case. Flexibility is due to the facts that (a) users can attach differential ‘reliability’ weights to first (unbalanced) estimates, depending on the confidence they have in the different parts of their pre-balancing work, (b) differently from RAS, one is not bound to take any row or column total as exogenously given, and (c) additional constraints can be added to it. The article describes also how SWLS was utilised to estimate a yearly (1959–2000) series of constant-price I-O tables for the Italian economy.     

对外贸易对碳排放量的影响及其驱动因素——以广东省为例

文章利用投入产出模型,研究对外贸易对广东省CO2排放量的影响,并利用Divisia指数分解模型,解释了造成这种影响的原因。投入产出方法的实证结果表明,对外贸易不利于省内CO2减排,但有利于降低广东省的碳排放强度。Divisia指数分解的结果表明,协调结构效应和技术效应的交叉作用是降低贸易CO2排放强度的关键;广东省的贸易顺差额是导致广东省CO2净内含量顺差的主要因素,技术效应和结构效应可以减少CO2贸易顺差,但是这两个效应所起的作用相对较小。     

我国金融业与房地产业相互关系的投入产出分析

通过对我国1997年、2002年、2007年的投入产出表分析,发现我国金融业的发展滞后对总产出起到了制约作用。房地产业的发展能够明显拉动金融业的产出,而金融业的发展对房地产业的需求拉动作用主要体现在直接拉动上。     

Analytical Reflections on the Economic Impact Assessment of Conventions and Special Events

Abstract

Over the past decades, the growth of the convention and event industry has enhanced an awareness of its economic significance to local, state, and national economies. Accordingly, many industry and academic studies have introduced various methods for accurately assessing the direct and indirect economic impacts of conventions and special events. Among them, the input-output (I-O) model is widely used for the economic impact assessments. This article first reviews economic impact studies in the convention and event tourism sector and then discusses issues related to the I-O model framework.     

中国对外贸易自然资本流向及其影响因素——基于I-O模型的生态足迹分析

自然资本指商品和服务所内涵的生态价值,以生态足迹(EF)为测度。本文采用投入产出法(I-O)测算中国1992—2007年对外贸易EF值,并运用结构分解分析(SDA)法分析中国土地(能源)强度、技术水平、净出口规模对EF净出口的影响。结果表明:1992—2007年,中国始终是实际用地的净出口国,自2005年起,中国从虚拟用地净进口国转变为虚拟用地净出口国,EF净出口总量在波动中不断增长,反映中国生态资源呈现流失持续加剧的趋势。土地(能源)强度与技术水平的变化对EF净出口的抑制作用有所增强,但影响程度十分有限,商品与服务净出口规模的迅猛增长是导致EF净出口增长的主要因素。     

Towards a global multi-regional environmentally extended input-output database

This paper presents the strategy for a large EU-funded Integrated Project: EXIOPOL (“A New Environmental Accounting Framework Using Externality Data and Input-Output Tools for Policy Analysis”), with special attention for its part in environmentally extended (EE) input-output (IO) analysis. The project has three principal objectives:

(a)

to synthesize and further develop estimates of the external costs of key environmental impacts for Europe;

(b)

to develop an EE IO framework for the EU-27 in a global context, including as many of these estimates as possible, to allow for the estimation of environmental impacts (expressed as LCA themes, material requirement indicators, ecological footprints or external costs) of the activities of different economic sectors, final consumption activities and resource consumption;

(c)

to apply the results of the work to external costs and EE I-O for illustrative policy questions.

     

地区物流业产业关联研究——基于广东、福建和甘肃三省的对比分析

由于产业边界界定的困扰和相关统计数据的难以获得,物流产业在定量分析上一直存在障碍.本文使用投入产出分析方法,对我国1997年和2002年以及广东省2000年、福建和甘肃两省2002年的物流产业做出产业关联上的对比分析.测算结果初步揭示出我国物流产业的整体推进状况以及区域性物流发展的不均衡.相关数据还显示出,我国全国及广东、福建、甘肃三省的物流产业,其影响力高于感应度,应考虑优先发展和持续推进.     

投入产出分析若干方法论问题的研究

一般均衡理论和模型存在难以求解和实际应用的基本问题，后人从不同思路对它进行简化，形成了旨在从理论上清楚说明市场机制作用的局部均衡理论和纯粹出于应用目的而建立的投入产出分析。投入产出分析是在简化价格调节的作用下，从生产技术的联系出发，并在同质性、直接消耗系数稳定性和比例性等假设下，沿着数量调节经济结构的路径，实现了一般均衡的可计量化和可观测检验性。我们认为，投入产出模型的前提条件——市场机制的完善以及整个生产力结构的均衡与我国生产力多元化结构的现实有相当距离。因此，如何根据我国基本国情正确认识和解决我国投入产出模型假设的问题是应当引起关注和重视的基础性方法论问题。