The effects of transition on the distribution of income in China

Using two large samples for 1988 and 1995 we decompose the Gini coefficient of household income according to type of income with the purpose of analyzing reasons for the rapid increase of inequality. The results show that the change in relative size of money income and its changed profile are found to be the major processes behind the rapid increase of income inequality in rural China. Changes in housing allocation and an increased number of retirees in combination with higher benefits have made inequality increase in urban China and in China as a whole. JEL classification: D31, P27.     

Demand‐side housing policy in Costa Rica: a response to the housing deficit

The purpose of this study was to establish what the housing needs of Costa Rica are and to assess what policies have been implemented to respond to their housing deficit. In order to answer these questions, a combined methodology consisting of primary and secondary data was used. Using open‐ended questions and a topic schedule, face‐to‐face interviews with Costa Rican housing authorities were conducted at the interviewee's work place in Costa Rica in May 2003. The most recent secondary data available in the country was used to compute the housing deficit and to study the effects of demographics on current housing needs. Sources of the secondary data were the Costa Rica Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements, and the National Institute of Statistics and Census. The Costa Rican government has made great progress in reforming the housing finance system in order to meet the housing demand of its citizens. In 2002, Costa Rica had a 75.6% home ownership rate. Yet, even in light of the housing system's current success, many social, economic and political barriers threaten to undermine its accomplishments and the peoples’ ability to obtain safe and affordable housing. The paper considers the strengths and weaknesses of the current housing finance system as well as the government strategies for addressing difficulties.     

中国城市住宅市场的结构差异性分析

市场价商品房、经济适用住房和廉租房构成了目前中国城市住宅市场的供应体系.依据中国30个主要城市的房地产开发统计数据,选择吸纳率作为评价住宅市场供需均衡状态的指标,利用固定影响变截距模型,重点研究了商品房和经济适用住房供给结构的城市差异性.研究发现,在城市住宅市场中,经济适用住房市场和商品房市场具有很强的相关性.作为具有政府资助性质的经济适用住房建设,存在典型的地域性特征,其政策的设定和实施会对整个住宅市场产生影响,地方政府应在利用比较全面的住宅市场指标体系进行综合分析基础上,制定适合本地的经济适用住房政策.     

试论住宅商品化的支撑体系

本文从住宅商品化内涵分析入手,针对当前我国住宅商品化进程中存在的主要问题,提出并论述了由四个基本内容构成的住宅商品化支撑体系①观念支撑;②价格支撑;③金融支撑;④市场支撑.通过对这一问题的深入探索,以期对我国的住宅商品化和住房制度改革有所裨益.     

城区特征对房贷的影响

城区特征通过多种途径影响商业银行住房抵押贷款决策.商业银行可以根据城区特征判断一个城区的住房抵押贷款违约风险,进而确定对该城区的最低首付款比例或拒贷率.通过分析国外城区特征对商业银行住房抵押贷款决策的影响机制,联系我国实际情况,指出我国商业银行根据城区特征进行住房抵押贷款决策具有合理性,建议商业银行密切关注城区住房价格波动率,并建议政府限制中低收入城区商业银行的数量.     

中国城镇家庭住房来源与产权的省际差异——基于2000年人口普查资料的分析

根据中国2000年人口普查资料,分析了中国城镇家庭住房来源与产权的省际差异。住房来源与产权选择省际差异不明显;基本是沿海经济发达地区住房来源中商品房来源与产权选择中租赁商品房比重高。相关分析表明:地区市场化指数与市场型住房正相关,收入和产权关系不明显,国有经济比重与行政型住房正相关,城市化率与购商品房比正相关,价格和住房产权负相关。这说明了制度变迁和地区经济差异对住房选择的影响。     

The Political Economy of Rental Housing in Spain: The Dialectics of Exploitation(s) and Regulations

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses how the exploitation of tenants in Spain is boosting income for banks, hedge funds and pension funds. It does so by tracing the origins of the money invested in a Tres Cantos housing project in Madrid. The paper makes the following claims: First, the exploitation taking place in households -referred in this paper as secondary- is increasingly related to worker exploitation, and thus this particular type of exploitation is increasingly relevant to the dynamics of capital accumulation. Second, the key role of secondary exploitation of tenants in the revenue-making strategies of pension funds, hedge funds and banks is augmented and mediated by a myriad of regulations being implemented at the national and supranational scales. Theoretically, the paper contests the Marxian claim that household exploitation is ‘secondary’ to the exploitation taking place in the production process.     

住宅价格与经济基本面的实证研究——以上海市为例

近几年来,我国房地产市场发展迅速,个别区域性房地产市场出现了价格过高的现象.对此,国家采取了一系列宏观调控措施.对于房地产价格的合理与否,目前仍然存在着争议.影响住宅实际价格的因素主要是土地价格和住宅价格的历史信息.而可支配收入对价格的影响并不显著,因此应加强对不合理的房地产投机需求的调控.     

当代美国住宅的思考

美国2000年新建住宅投资4251亿美元，占固定资产投资的21．3％；住宅直接消费为9588亿美元，占GDP的9．71％；年存量住宅为1．16亿套(户)，空置率为5．9％。购买新房一般中值价为80美元／ft^2，一套住宅(2000ft^2)中值房价为16万美元；按中值计算贷款购房的支出与收入比为1：4．7；在美国仍有3500万户居民租用住宅。