公路水毁成因及其防治措施

公路水毁主要有路基坍塌、路基沉陷、防护与加固工程损坏、桥涵破坏等4种类型详细阐述了各类水毁发生的原因以及探讨对各类水毁的防治措施。     

The welfare effect of quality degradation in the presence of network externalities

This paper examines how the presence of network externalities affects a monopolist's incentive for quality degradation and its welfare consequence. The software and Internet service industries provide our primary motivation. The network externality may lead to a Pareto-improving quality degradation that would not be realised in the absence of network externalities. However, it may also overturn a potentially Pareto-improving quality degradation to a welfare-reducing one, or result in the realisation of a welfare-reducing quality degradation that would be avoided without network externalities. We also endogenise the firm's forward and backward compatibility decisions between the original and degraded goods.