对西方主流宏观经济学均衡假定的反思——从凯恩斯主义的投资恒等于储蓄说起

自从凯恩斯的《通论》出版以来,宏观经济学就逐渐成为一个比较系统而相对独立的学科,后人将凯恩斯的短期经济增长模型进一步长期化为外生和内生经济增长理论.纵观主流宏观经济学的理论构建,几乎都有一个共同的假设:市场能够自动实现均衡,但是,正是这个假设将西方主流宏观经济学引入了歧途.对于原凯恩斯主义、新古典综合派、新凯恩斯主义、哈罗德-多马的古典经济增长理论和索洛的新古典增长理论、新古典宏观经济学派而言,它都是一个难以回避的硬伤.     

凯恩斯经济学的反思:全球金融危机视角

凯恩斯主义经济学的基本特征是经济危机必然性的证明和国家干预的系统分析。2008年国际金融危机以来各国政府的应对政策实质上仍然是凯恩斯主义的国家干预,不可能改变资本主义市场经济体制的核心,但政策选择表现出明显的时代特点。此次国际金融危机将促使凯恩斯主义与新自由主义经济学加速融合,并会对未来国家干预的方式和重点会产生显著影响。     

金融危机下凯恩斯主义与供给学派财政政策对中国经济的适用性分析

2007年由美国引起的金融危机给美国乃至全球带来了巨大的影响。我国也在出口、外汇等方面受到了影响。在金融危机背景下,结合我国国情在供需、税收和国家干预三方面对凯恩斯主义和供给学派的财政政策对中国经济适用性进行分析。     

凯恩斯主义与新自由主义的“争”与“合”

20世纪30年代至今,凯恩斯主义与新自由主义一直处于针锋相对的状态。尽管两者的理论主张背道而驰,但都曾陷入无法挽救经济危机的窘境。在欧洲主权债务危机和国际金融危机爆发后的后危机时代,世界亟待构建新的理论框架,各国亟需择取有效的宏观经济政策,由此才能促进国家经济增长。将这两者有效结合将不失为一个明智之举。     

THE ESSENCE OF THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL

In a lecture in November 2008, Professor Huerta de Soto set out the key contributions of the Austrian School to economic thought.     

国际金融危机的启示和反思

美国次贷危机引发的全球性金融危机,根源在于以华尔街为首的美欧金融体系违反了金融业3个基本原则：植根于工商产业,严格管控风险,杠杆率适度。我国金融体系要防止5个趋势：政策过度叠加,增加企业融资成本,“老大”意识蔓延,收入过高,服务意识不强。规避危机要力求4个平衡：贷款余额与GDP大体1∶1,证券市场市值与GDP大体1∶1,房地产总市值与GDP大体1∶1,国家主权债务加上社会保障支出与GDP大体1∶1。化解金融危机,不能依靠金融业自我循环,而要靠科技进步和发展实体经济。     

Out of Recession?

Britain is emerging uncertainly from recession. This essay looks at the character of the recession, the financial crisis that inaugurated it and the key issues that will dominate the recovery phase. In particular, it argues that the underlying and deeply entrenched political conditions which underpinned the crisis, notably bi-partisan encouragement of a ‘property-owning democracy’, show no signs of abating. Without such a change, a recurrence of the crisis appears highly likely.     

On the origin and rise of central bank independence in West Germany∗

Abstract

This paper investigates the (re-)establishment of central banking in West Germany after 1945 and the history of the Bundesbank Act of 1957. The main focus is on the early emphasis on central bank independence, which at the time represented a German peculiarity. The paper inquires whether contemporary German economic thought may have provided a theoretical case for this peculiar tradition and scrutinizes the political calculus that motivated some key actors in the play. Contrary to conventional wisdom, important contradictions between the postulate of central bank independence and Ordoliberalism are identified.

JEL Classification Codes: B22, B31, E50     

CRASS KEYNESIANISM

Keynesianism supports make-work schemes without regard for consumers' preferences. The impact of fiscal and monetary policy in corrupting the flow of inter-temporal production is entirely discounted. Where Keynes argued that long-term considerations should not obstruct the implementation of short-term palliatives for immediate problems, Keynesianism fosters belief in the judgement of the state across a wide range of expenditures. In effect, however, Keynesian concepts of aggregate demand and the income multiplier set no basis for sound economic policy.