“引洮工程”引发的受水区污染治理研究

[目的]为了解决甘肃中部安定区、陇西县、渭源县、临洮县、榆中县和会宁县的人畜饮水、工业用水、生态用水及农业灌溉用水问题,引洮工程通过九甸峡水利枢纽抬高水位将黄河上游洮河支流水资源引入受水区。在受水区,在调水增加本区供水总量的同时,相应增加了增量水资源使用后带来的废污水,客观上对污染治理工作水平提出了更高要求,轻视排污问题将加剧受水区乃至下游的水系污染程度,影响受水区经济社会的可持续发展。[方法]文章采用文献研究法从理论上探讨了环境容量、排污权及其关系。采用定额计量法计算了调水带来的COD和氨氮增量。[结果]调水使得受水区COD和氨氮每年分别增加6 914. 30t和1 440. 48t。就COD而言,受水区平均排放量占该区环境容量的51. 12%,似有较多的容量结余,但区内排放极不平衡,榆中和会宁已经超排。就氨氮而言,受水区平均排放量将占该区环境容量的151. 55%,总体超排很严重。区内除临洮以外,其余5县区均超排,其中,榆中和会宁超排1倍以上。[结论]排污量是假定增量污水符合二级排放标准的前提下计算的,如果处理率低、排放达标率低,则超排现象会更为严重。对此,要从宏观上进行综合治理,诸如完善政府、社会与市场共同治污机制、排污权配置的过渡性制度安排、污水处理企业改革及引导受水区进行产业结构调整等。     

Simulated economic impacts in applied trade modelling: A comparison of tariff aggregation approaches

This paper assesses the performance of two recently developed tariff aggregators in reducing tariff aggregation bias by analysing Swiss beef market liberalisation scenarios. Specific relevant sources of bias are addressed: substitution effects on import demand, Tariff Rate Quotas and overprotection in tariffs. The aggregators are linked to a global large-scale partial equilibrium model and benchmarked against a standard aggregator. The choice of the aggregation method shows considerable effects on simulated economic impacts, specifically if the dispersion in tariffs or tariff cuts is large. A large bias is revealed in simulated gains from trade liberalisation using the standard aggregator. The impacts on traded quantities are found to be overestimated, while price and welfare effects can be higher or lower by switching to alternative aggregation methods. By reducing aggregation bias and depicting negotiated tariff schedules more directly, the proposed aggregators enhance the contribution of trade modelling to evidence-based policy making.     

定额补贴模式能够促进农机装备制造企业创新吗——以拖拉机制造行业为例

农机购置补贴政策已深刻影响中国农机行业发展,本文以拖拉机制造行业为例,探讨政策的定额补贴模式对农机企业创新的影响.研究表明,定额补贴模式下的农机购置补贴对企业创新产生了两种效应.一是偏离效应,表现为补贴政策既难以降低企业创新成本,也难以带动高质量产品销售,对农机企业的创新激励不足,导致政策设计与政策目标实现的需要相偏离...     

Quota prices as indicators of comparative advantage in supply‐managed industries

The Canadian dairy, egg, broiler, and turkey industries operate under supply management, a policy regime that sets product prices and allocates production among provinces and ultimately among farms through quotas. The Canadian Farm Products Agencies Act requires that comparative advantage be used to guide the allocation of new quota when increases in consumer demand necessitate increased production. This requirement, however, has not been met in practice. We develop a proposal by Meilke to use quota prices as measures of comparative advantage. We evaluate the quota price approach and other proposed methods, from a Hayekian and Coasean market process perspective. We conclude that quota prices offer an economically justifiable indicator of provincial comparative advantage. We develop an individual‐level general equilibrium model of quota exchange to illustrate the informational content of quota prices as indicators of comparative advantage. We also discuss potential practical challenges of using quota prices as indicators of comparative advantage.     

Gerrymandering in personnel selection: A review of practice

Gerrymandering personnel selection systems is defined as those practices explicitly intended to improve the outcomes of individual applicants or groups of applicants to the detriment of other individuals and groups. Gerrymandering can serve a variety of purposes, such as enhancing demographic diversity, rewarding political allies, or giving hiring preference to specific individuals. This paper reviews eleven strategies for gerrymandering personnel selection systems. The strategies fall into three categories of decisions: decisions in choosing or designing personnel selection tools; decisions in scoring personnel selection tools; decisions in selecting among passing applicants. Perspectives on the appropriateness and ethics of gerrymandering are then reviewed.     

Extraction rights allocation with liquidity constraints

We study the optimal allocation of a resource in a second-best world in which parties may be liquidity-constrained due to credit frictions and capital market imperfections. In this setting, common to various natural resource industries, agents are unable to bid more than their budget regardless of their valuation. While auction markets are widely used mechanisms for allocating natural resource extraction rights and conservation contracts, we show that in these circumstances the competitive market –which allocates items based on rank order of bids– fails to achieve the first-best allocation. The market outcome is welfare-dominated by a hybrid mechanism consisting of random assignment followed by resale in a secondary market. Via the initial lottery, the hybrid-mechanism allocates the items with positive probability to high-valuation low-wealth individuals who would not have been able to afford them in a competitive market. High-valuation high-wealth agents, on the other hand, acquire the items in the secondary market if they do not receive them in the initial lottery. Therefore, equity in the allocation of access to the resource may be justified not only by distributional concerns but also by economic efficiency. We illustrate our model using data from buybacks of harvesting rights in the seafood industry.     

中美纺织品与服装贸易:从MFA到ATC——基于总量、价格和质量的分析

本文力图通过描述性统计和构建评价指数的方法,分别从贸易总量、进口价格和贸易品质量的角度,考察《纺织品与服装协议》在过渡期内对中美纺织品与服装贸易的影响。结论认为,2002年协议第三阶段的实施是两国纺织与服装产品贸易发展的分水岭;全面取消配额导致了进口价格和贸易品质量不同程度的下降。对此,文章有针对性地提出了今后合理应对中美纺织品贸易争端的若干政策建议。     

工资税盾、替代效应与资本结构

基于中国计税工资限额扣除标准提高的外生性事件,本文从工资薪金提供的“非债务税盾”角度,探索性地研究工资税盾与资本结构的关系。结果表明,计税工资限额扣除标准提高后,与未接近“税收耗损状态”公司相比,接近“税收耗损状态”公司更为显著地降低了债务水平,该发现符合“非债务税盾”与资本结构之间存在“替代效应”的理论预期,也验证了“税收耗损状态”假说。进一步研究表明:未接近和接近“税收耗损状态”两类公司的差异主要反映在长期债务上,而在短期债务上并不明显;与国有企业相比,两类公司的差异在非国有企业中更为明显;另外,与税收征管力度较弱地区相比,征管力度较强地区两类公司间的差异更为明显。本文的研究成果不仅提供了“非债务税盾”形式的新证据,还发现产权性质和税收征管环境等也是影响非债务税盾与资本结构之间关系的重要因素。     

QFD法在公路工程限额设计总值确定中的应用

随着公路行业的发展,限额设计在公路建设中的运用越来越广泛,因此对其研究意义重大。结合公路工程实例,从业主需求出发,提出采用质量功能展开(QFD)方法,把业主对产品的质量需求转换成设计师所熟悉的质量特性,从而明确各个质量特性的相对权重。为限额设计总值的确定提供参考。