The impact of relative residence times on the distribution of heavy drinkers in highly distinct environments

Alcohol consumption is a function of social dynamics, environmental contexts, individuals' preferences and family history. Empirical surveys have focused primarily on identification of risk factors for high-level drinking but have done little to clarify the underlying mechanisms at work. Also, there have been few attempts to apply nonlinear dynamics to the study of these mechanisms and processes at the population level. A simple framework where drinking is modeled as a socially contagious process in low- and high-risk connected environments is introduced. Individuals are classified as light, moderate (assumed mobile), and heavy drinkers. Moderate drinkers provide the link between both environments, that is, they are assumed to be the only individuals drinking in both settings. The focus here is on the effect of moderate drinkers, measured by the proportion of their time spent in “low-” versus “high-” risk drinking environments, on the distribution of drinkers.A simple model within our contact framework predicts that if the relative residence times of moderate drinkers are distributed randomly between low- and high-risk environments then the proportion of heavy drinkers is likely to be higher than expected. However, the full story even in a highly simplified setting is not so simple because “strong” local social mixing tends to increase high-risk drinking on its own. High levels of social interaction between light and moderate drinkers in low-risk environments can diminish the importance of the distribution of relative drinking times on the prevalence of heavy drinking.     

人居环境科学的人文思考

人居环境 (建筑与城市建设 )科学不能失去人文精神。作者以自己的实践 (北京菊儿胡同等 )说明如何才能在建筑设计和城市规划中发扬民族的文化精神。     

Local community reaction to the ‘no-take’ policy on fishing in the Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa

Fishing in the Tsitsikamma National Park has officially been halted since 2001. However, the desire to fish in the Marine Protected Area remains high among the local communities in Tsitsikamma. This has led to illegal fishing practices in the park. Consequently, the reaction of the local communities was measured using semi-structured questionnaires, informal interactions, personal observations, and through a key informant workshop that was organized in the Tsitsikamma National Park. It was found that responses from local communities to fishing within the park were defined by their residence status, ethnicity, gender, income, and educational level. There is a general understanding by local communities that the purpose of the Tsitsikamma National Park is to conserve nature within its boundaries. However, there is a mismatch in the understanding of the term ‘conservation’ between the local communities and conservation officials of the South African National Parks (SANParks). Local communities consider conservation to include sustainable utilization while conservation officials from the practice pursue absolute protection of the marine fisheries resources. The majority of local communities in Tsitsikamma resent this SANParks ‘no-take’ policy on fishing. They would like access to the fisheries resources in the Tsitsikamma National Park for both subsistence and recreational purposes.     

住房公积金及增值收益物权属性保障对策研究

本文在论证住房公积金及增值收益物权属性的基础上,提出具体保障对策。首先,拓宽住房公积金保值增值渠道;其次,公积金业务与中心经费并账核算,增加业务支出核算内容;再次,建立住房公积金增值收益分配新模式,缴存职工参与公积金分红。     

晚清名臣故居旅游开发理念的构建——以曾国藩故居旅游开发为例

晚清名臣故居是我国文化遗产之一,应对其进行旅游开发。现多数处于浅度旅游开发阶段,存在问题较多。开发好这类名人故居旅游资源,要树立正确的旅游开发理念。重点是结合相应晚清名臣历史个性,打好文化遗产"牌",开发具有地方文化特色的旅游产品,做到隐性旅游资源显性表述。     

法国个人房地产税体系透视

在法国,与个人房地产相关的税种包括居住税、建筑土地税、空置住宅税、财富税。法国的个人房地产税在税制要素、税基评估和税收争议等方面形成了相对合理的制度安排,其实践经验对我国开征物业税有借鉴意义。     

贸易统计国别标准的演进哲学:否定之否定

在国际贸易统计中,由20世纪前半叶的较低层次的属权标准——贸易国标准,转向后半叶的在地标准——产销国标准,是为了增进国际贸易统计数据的可比性。然而FDI造成的大量外国附属机构的交易活动,又使得以基于在地标准为核心的统计数据不能反映当事国的真实利得。于是又向更高层次的属权标准寻求答案。这就是贸易统计国别标准的演进哲学:否定之否定,螺旋式上升。     

Optimality properties of alternative systems of taxation of foreign capital income

Foreign source capital income taxes are examined from the point of view of optimal taxation. In the framework of a simple economy with international real capital flows, a taxonomy of alternative systems of such taxation is first presented, showing how crediting and other tax parameters induce what are called source-based, residence-based and related systems. Next, tax rates are determined that are optimal from a single country's point of view, given those of the others. The achievability of these rates under the various systems is analyzed. Finally, tax rates that are optimal from an international point of view are considered. Again, achievability of an international optimum under the various systems is considered, leading to the main conclusions that (i) a pure residence-based system in all countries can achieve an international fiscal optimum; (ii) it cannot, however, be sustained as an equilibrium.     

论涉电商知识产权侵权案件地域管辖规则——以《民事诉讼法司法解释》第二十五条为中心

在司法实务中,涉电商知识产权侵权案件在确定地域管辖时存在争议,主要原因在于对民事诉讼法司法解释第二十五条存在不同理解.从该条的历史演变可见该条主要针对的案件类型应当是因信息网络侵权导致侵权行为地和结果发生地难以确定的案件.但“信息网络侵权”一词含义过于泛化导致对该行为的认定存在分歧.同时,涉电商知识产权案件的特殊性在于...     

城镇化对耕地影响的研究

学术界在城镇化对耕地的影响问题上存在着较大的争论。本文利用中国科学院的土地利用遥感数据和社会经济统计数据,建立计量经济模型对我国东部14省城镇化对耕地的影响进行实证分析。研究结果表明,总体经济增长是影响耕地变化的主要因素,不同城镇化模式对耕地的影响也不同,在其他条件相同的情况下,相对于农村住宅建设用地而言,城镇化对耕地减少还起到一些缓解的作用。