Bayesian MCMC Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci in a Half-sib Design: a Graphical Model Perspective

Graphical models provide a powerful and flexible approach to the analysis of complex problems in genetics. While task-specific software may be extremely efficient for any particular analysis, it is often difficult to adapt to new computational challenges. By viewing these genetic applications in a more general framework, many problems can be handled by essentially the same software. This is advantageous in an area where fast methodological development is essential. Once a method has been fully developed and tested, problem-specific software may then be required. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the potential use of a graphical model approach to genetic analyses by taking a very simple and well-understood problem by way of example.     

Mechanisms for controlling expenditure in the Spanish Royal Household, c.1561-c.18081

The purpose of this article is to examine the accounting and auditing in the Spanish Royal Household between 1561 and 1808. The Royal Household was the third most important item of expenditure that the State Treasury financed, after the Army and Navy and the National Debt. On studying spending control in the Royal Household, we have rejected the idea, often advanced by historiography, that there was no spending control within this institution. On the contrary, treasurers and accountants were only able to release funds for expenditure purposes on the basis of prior authorization. However, the efficiency of spending control was very limited due to technical, administrative and, above all, social and political elements.     

Blocked-Error-R 2: A Conceptually Improved Definition of the Proportion of Explained Variance in Models Containing Loops or Correlated Residuals

Bentler and Raykov (2000, Journal of Applied Psychology 85: 125–131), and Jöreskog (1999a, http://www.ssicentral.com/lisrel/column3.htm, 1999b http://www.ssicentral. com/lisrel/column5.htm) proposed procedures for calculating R ² for dependent variables involved in loops or possessing correlated errors. This article demonstrates that Bentler and Raykov’s procedure can not be routinely interpreted as a “proportion” of explained variance, while Jöreskog’s reduced-form calculation is unnecessarily restrictive. The new blocked-error-R ² (beR ²) uses a minimal hypothetical causal intervention to resolve the variance-partitioning ambiguities created by loops and correlated errors. Hayduk (1996) discussed how stabilising feedback models – models capable of counteracting external perturbations – can result in an acceptable error variance which exceeds the variance of the dependent variable to which that error is attached. For variables included within loops, whether stabilising or not, beR ² provides the same value as Hayduk’s (1996) loop-adjusted-R ². For variables not involved in loops and not displaying correlated residuals, beR ² reports the same value as the traditional regression R ². Thus, beR ² provides a conceptualisation of the proportion of explained variance that spans both recursive and nonrecursive structural equation models. A procedure for calculating beR ² in any SEM program is provided.     

Influence analysis for Poisson inverse Gaussian regression models based on the EM algorithm

For Poisson inverse Gaussian regression models, it is very complicated to obtain the influence measures based on the traditional method, because the associated likelihood function involves intractable expressions, such as the modified Bessel function. In this paper, the EM algorithm is employed as a basis to derive diagnostic measures for the models by treating them as a mixed Poisson regression with the weights from the inverse Gaussian distributions. Several diagnostic measures are obtained in both case-deletion model and local influence analysis, based on the conditional expectation of the complete-data log-likelihood function in the EM algorithm. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.     

黄浦江两岸地区公共空间可达性研究——基于社会网络分析的公共交通评价与优化策略

黄浦江两岸地区正在打造世界级的滨江公共空间,如何便捷、多样地抵达滨江公共空间是其规划设计和建设实施的重要评价指标。将该评价指标定义为滨江公共空间可达性,指居民利用滨江公共交通系统(常规公交)抵达滨江公共空间的便捷性和多样性程度。利用社会网络分析方法,以虹口区和徐汇区的滨江公共空间为例,构建了滨江公共空间可达性模型,借助地理信息系统(ArcGIS)与计算机编程语言(Python)对现状可达性进行量化分析评价,并提出优化滨江公共空间可达性的算法和策略,以期更好地提升滨江公共空间可达性。     

从山水城市到公园城市——中国城市发展之路

“公园城市”是生态文明思想在城市建设领域的体现,为中国新时代城市发展指出了方向。“公园城市”理念是继承中国古代城市建设思想,吸取国外城市建设经验,针对新时代社会发展的需求而提出的。山水城市是中国古代城市的主要特征,在近代吸收花园城市等国外城市理论而发展,20世纪90年代钱学森院士提出“山水城市”理念。梳理山水城市的历史流变,认为公园城市与山水城市存在内在关联性,是山水城市在新时代的发展范式。     

乡村社区空间界面理论研究

乡村社区空间在经济高速发展、社会网络日渐复杂的条件下逐渐变化,界面作为物流、能流、信息流比较活跃的区域,对乡村社区发展功效显著。从空间界面理论着手,深入探讨空间界面在乡村社区各空间中的具体应用。结果显示：空间界面是乡村社区各相应空间的相对活跃区域,乡村社区各活动空间之间存在着密切关联,从空间界面出发制定乡村社区发展方略具备科学性、合理性。