Merit versus maleness: How strategic positioning can mitigate external gender bias

Despite the proactive efforts of many firms to combat gender bias within their organizations, societal prejudices still disadvantage women leaders and the firms who employ them. This external gender bias shapes outside stakeholder evaluations of women leaders’ efforts in various ways, and firms need strategies to cope with this external gender bias. We examine the conditions that might alleviate this burden of external bias and what women leaders and top executives can do to leverage these conditions—from a strategic positioning perspective—that will effectively allow female leaders to differentiate their work. To do this, we synthesize and build upon evidence that the external gender bias against women leaders diminishes when they lead in areas that are unconventional rather than mainstream. We then propose a two-step process based on (1) identifying the likely threat of external gender bias, which is stronger in some industry contexts than others, and (2) leveraging unconventionality to circumvent male prototypical comparisons, thereby reducing the hazards of external gender bias.     

Gender differences within early stage and established small enterprises: An exploratory study

This paper examines 2 years of data from GEM Canada in order to develop new insights into the factors that contribute to the performance outcomes of female enterprises and how these factors are affected by the firm’s stage of development. The analysis encompasses both personal and organizational characteristics and assesses their association with selected performance measures at the early stage as well as at the established phase of development. The findings indicate that the greater propensity of men to pursue business growth and earnings can be attributed to marital status (live with a partner) and the expected depth of the ownership team. Moreover, the performance outcomes for male entrepreneurs are influenced by a relatively wide range of variables, with business demographics being more prominent than for the female enterprises. For both genders, the mix of relevant underlying factors varies as the venture progresses along the ‘nascent-new-established’ continuum.     

浅谈少数民族农牧民经纪人在新农村建设中的作用

新疆少数民族农牧民经纪人作为一条纽带、一座桥梁，将农牧民与市场衔接起来，有效地解决了农民生产与市场脱节的问题，从而减少了农业产品“卖难”现象的发生。然而由于其知识、技术等整体素质不高，使他们对市场经济条件下的农牧产品流通市场掌控能力不足，从而表现出整体竞争能力较弱。因此，社会各界都应该积极努力地做好培育少数民族农牧民经纪人队伍的工作。新疆社会主义新农村的建设需要更多优秀的少数民族农牧民经纪人。     

A comparative analysis of perception of dividends by financial managers

This paper is a report about the perception of dividends by Chief financial officers (CFOs). The research encompasses five countries, on three continents, and covers three types of economies. Our cross-sectional study is concerned with both inter- and intra-societal differences that may or may not exist regarding the perception of dividends by those who are in charge of making such decisions in the firm. Using a survey instrument, we find that both similarities and dissimilarities exist inter- and intra-culturally. Perhaps the most important conclusion we reach is that dividend research must take a different track than it has been following so far.     

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on management-level hotel employees’ work behaviors: Moderating effects of working-from-home

This study examines the effects of working-from-home during the COVID-19 pandemic on management-level hotel employees’ work engagement, burnout, and turnover intentions. The study demonstrates that working-from-home tends to be a double-edged blade that leads to both positive and negative employee behavioral outcomes. Findings reveal that while working-from-home is associated with a higher level of vigor, it magnifies the effects of absorption on burnout. In addition, due to work-home interference, working-from-home suppresses the positive effect of dedication and amplifies the negative effect of burnout on turnover intentions. The theoretical contributions and managerial recommendations are provided.     

Females' perspectives on tourism's impact and their employment in the sector: The case of Petra,Jordan.

This study aims to explore the trend towards gender equality in the tourism sector of the Petra region, Jordan. To do so, a mixed methods design including a questionnaire and in-depth interviews was employed for female residents of rural and urban areas in the region. The results show that women do not have favourable view of tourism's economic impacts and that several barriers exist to their employment in the tourism sector. The findings' implications and future studies are addressed.     

职业经理人、组织地位赋予与企业创新——来自家族企业的经验证据

职业经理人与家族企业有效融合是促进企业创新的先决条件。聚焦家族企业赋予职业经理人组织地位这一融合途径,探究家族企业赋予职业经理人组织地位对企业创新的影响。结果表明,家族企业赋予职业经理人组织地位能够促进企业创新;相较于约束型社会情感财富,延伸型社会情感财富对职业经理人组织地位赋予与企业创新关系具有更显著的促进作用。异质性分析发现,处于经理人市场发达地区、从属高技术行业以及信息透明度较高的企业,职业经理人组织地位赋予对企业创新的促进作用更显著。进一步研究发现,职业经理人的企业家精神在职业经理人组织地位赋予与企业创新关系中发挥中介作用。研究结论可为理解家族企业如何与职业经理人有效融合,进而促进创新提供新的经验证据。     

Women,Ecology and Economics,edited by Ellie Perkins

This paper finds that black women earn 7 percent less than similarly skilled white women because of their race. Even within the same occupational category, black women earn 3 percent less than similarly qualified white women. Black women receive lower pay primarily due to occupational segregation and because they are rewarded with lower earnings than white women for equivalent levels of education and other human capital characteristics.     

Transition to market economics: Employment and informal activity in rural areas

According to the neo-liberal model, the high levels of unemployment and collapsing real wages of transition will reallocate labor to new activities. But whether and how households actually reallocate labor is the subject of growing debate. We use survey data from Bulgaria to develop a typology of rural households based on their labor allocation characteristics. We find a diversity of outcomes. A significant share of households experience no change in labor allocation, some shift labor to own commercial enterprises, but a significant minority are displaced from the emerging market economy. Potential for informal activity among these households appears limited. Of great concern is the regional concentration of such households.     

Can mobile phones improve gender equality and nutrition? Panel data evidence from farm households in Uganda

Since 2000, mobile phone technologies have been widely adopted in many developing countries. Existing research shows that use of mobile phones has improved smallholder farmers’ market access and income. Beyond income, mobile phones can possibly affect other dimensions of social welfare, such as gender equality and nutrition. Such broader social welfare effects have hardly been analyzed up till now. Here, we address this research gap, using panel data from smallholder farm households in Uganda. Regression results show that mobile phone use is positively associated with household income, women empowerment, food security, and dietary quality. These results also hold after controlling for possible confounding factors. In addition to the household-level analysis, we also look at who within the household actually uses mobile phones. Gender-disaggregation suggests that female mobile phone use has stronger positive associations with social welfare than if males alone use mobile phones. We cautiously conclude that equal access to mobile phones cannot only foster economic development, but can also contribute to gender equality, food security, and broader social development. Further research is required to corroborate the findings and analyze the underlying causal mechanisms.