香料乙酸苄酯的合成和精制

根据原料、催化剂的不同,总结了香料乙酸苄酯多种合成和精制的方法以及生产的最佳工艺条件。乙酸苄酯的主要生产路线有:由苄氯和乙酸钠反应制取、由苄醇和乙酸酯化反应制取等;主要的催化剂有季铵盐、强酸性离子交换树脂、固体超强酸等。     

粤港澳大湾区区块链应用研究--基于世界四大湾区对比分析

粤港澳大湾区作为我国经济最活跃、最开放、经济发展水平最高的区域之一,制造业和信息技术产业发达,具有率先发展区块链产业的优质土壤和先行条件。论文主要通过分析粤港澳大湾区区块链发展的现状,对比世界上其他三大湾区的科技、人才、投资机构等方面,挖掘粤港澳大湾区在对比分析下的发展潜能,分析存在的优劣势,补齐短板,抓住机遇,提出发展粤港澳大湾区区块链行之有效的策略。     

价值、财富与分配"新四说"

目前，学术界在商品价值、社会财富和分配关系的基本理论研究方面仍没有取得共识。为了清晰地使有关价值、财富与分配的各种现象和本质联系都可得到圆满的科学说明，笔者提出“新四说”：各种生产性活劳动创造商品价值——活劳动价值说；全生产要素或经济要素创造社会财富或商品使用价值——全要素财富说；多种产权关系决定按资和按劳等多种分配方式——多产权分配说；按生产要素贡献分配的形式是要素所有者创造价值和财富并据此参与分配，而实质是按生产要素产权分配——按要素贡献的分配形式与实质说(按贡分配形质说)。     

加快电石渣综合治理

文章通过阐述我国聚氯乙烯工业的现状和电石渣综合治理的必要性以及各种治理技术,提出了电石渣综合治理的可行方法,即以电石渣为原料生产普通硅酸盐水泥,不仅可以实现电石渣综合治理,具有良好的环境效益和社会效益,而且还能带来较好的经济效益,提高企业竞争能力,促进行业清洁生产。     

吡啶类与苯胺类缓蚀剂的生产及应用

以氯化苄和吡啶为原料,合成物经与其它物料复配而生产出吡啶类缓蚀剂;以苯胺和环己酮为原料,反应物经与其它物料复配而生产出苯胺类缓蚀剂。经复配后的性能评价表明:吡啶与氯化苄的反应物和甲醇1:5稀释,复配2%甲醛、3%的丙炔醇,腐蚀速度可以降到2g/m2·h以下,苯胺与环己酮的反应物和甲醇1:6稀释,复配2%左右的丙炔醇、2%左右的碘化钾,腐蚀速度可以降到7g/m2·h以下。在室内试验的基础上,通过对两类缓蚀剂进行了工业化的生产与应用,取得了良好的效果。     

氯化锌活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭的研究

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用氯化锌活化法在不同操作条件下制备活性炭,通过检测活性炭样品的比表面积、亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值,探讨了浸渍比(氯化锌与原料的质量比)、活化时间和活化温度等操作条件对活性炭样品性能的影响。实验结果表明,在实验条件范围内,氯化锌活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭适宜的操作条件如下:浸渍比为1.5:1,活化温度为550℃左右,活化时间为90 min,在较优条件下制得活性炭的比表面积可达1 403 m2/g,碘吸附值可达1 188 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值可达238 mg/g。     

Assessing time-varying stock market integration in Economic and Monetary Union for normal and crisis periods

In this paper, we examine the stock market integration process amongst 17 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries from January 2002 to June 2013 over a normal period as well as for the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and Eurozone Debt Crisis (EDC) periods. We classify the economies in three groups (A, B and C) based on their GDP to examine whether the economic size influences financial integration. Seven indicators are used for the purpose, namely, beta convergence, sigma convergence, variance ratio, asymmetric DCC, dynamic cointegration, market synchronisation measure and common components approach. The results suggest that large-sized EMU economies (termed as Group A) exhibit strong stock market integration. Moderate integration is observed for middle-sized EMU economies with old membership (termed as Group B). Small-sized economies (termed as Group C) economies seemed to be least integrated within the EMU stock market system. The findings further suggest presence of contagion effects as one moves from normal to crisis periods, which are specifically stronger for more integrated economies of Group A. We recommend institutional, regulatory and other policy reforms for Group B and especially Group C to achieve higher level of integration.     

The cost-effectiveness of solifenacin vs. trospium in the treatment of patients with overactive bladder in the German National Health Service

Objective:

To carry out a cost–utility analysis comparing initial treatment of patients with overactive bladder (OAB) with solifenacin 5?mg/day versus either trospium 20?mg twice a day or trospium 60?mg/day from the perspective of the German National Health Service.

Methods:

A decision analytic model with a 3 month cycle was developed to follow a cohort of OAB patients treated with either solifenacin or trospium during a 1 year period. Costs and utilities were accumulated as patients transitioned through the four cycles in the model. Some of the solifenacin patients were titrated from 5?mg to 10?mg/day at 3 months. Utility values were obtained from the published literature and pad use was based on a US resource utilization study. Adherence rates for individual treatments were derived from a United Kingdom general practitioner database review. The change in the mean number of urgency urinary incontinence episodes/day from after 12 weeks was the main outcome measure. Baseline effectiveness values for solifenacin and trospium were calculated using the Poisson distribution. Patients who failed second-line therapy were referred to a specialist visit. Results were expressed in terms of incremental cost–utility ratios.

Results:

Total annual costs for solifenacin, trospium 20?mg and trospium 60?mg were €970.01, €860.05 and €875.05 respectively. Drug use represented 43%, 28% and 29% of total costs and pad use varied between 45% and 57%. Differences between cumulative utilities were small but favored solifenacin (0.6857 vs. 0.6802 to 0.6800). The baseline incremental cost–effectiveness ratio ranged from €16,657 to €19,893 per QALY.

Limitations:

The difference in cumulative utility favoring solifenacin was small (0.0055–0.0057 QALYs). A small absolute change in the cumulative utilities can have a marked impact on the overall incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and care should be taken when interpreting the results.

Conclusion:

Solifenacin would appear to be cost-effective with an ICER of no more than €20,000/QALY. However, small differences in utility between the alternatives means that the results are sensitive to adjustments in the values of the assigned utilities, effectiveness and discontinuation rates.     

“三从四德”与封建女性行为规范的形成

董仲舒由“阳尊阴卑”出发,确立了“夫尊妇卑”的伦理规范,并在此之上,提出“夫为妻纲”的道德准则。在这一准则的指导下,董氏又继承了刘向对“三从”的解释,将原本属于礼制规范的“三从”,扩大为女性行为规范。后,班昭在认可女性“卑弱”身份的前提下,详细阐释了《周礼·天官》中的“四德”,使之成为禁锢女性行为的枷锁。     

坚持“四个统一”着力抓好基层思想政治教育

思想政治教育在继承和发扬优良传统的基础上,必须坚持＂四个统一＂,切实在内容、形式、方法、手段、机制等方面进行创新和改造,不断增强基层思想政治教育的时代感,加强针对性、实效性、主动性。