Housing Preferences of Temporary Migrants in Urban China in the wake of Gradual Hukou Reform: A Case Study of Shenzhen

In the wake of the recent announcement by the State Council concerning the provision of public rental housing across China, and the gradual reform of China's household registration system (hukou), this article explores how potential adjustments in government housing policies (namely access to public rental housing) influence the housing preferences of temporary migrants who are currently residing inside the chengzhongcun (urban villages) of Shenzhen. The results indicate that dissatisfaction with rental cost and living conditions in these urban villages are the key reasons for migrants wishing to move into public rental housing if it is offered to them — and not the fact that they are treated differently within the hukou system. Public rental housing is welcomed in particular by newly arriving migrants who live outside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and migrants who have decided to remain in Shenzhen for the foreseeable future. By contrast, dissatisfaction with urban villages is the sole contributor to housing preferences for those residing inside the SEZ.     

Remaking Shanghai: New Divisions in an Expanding Metropolis

This study of Shanghai analyzes the city's emerging patterns of residential settlement in 2010. Most previous research on China focused on central city patterns, but by 2010 urban development in major metropolitan areas was taking place predominantly in the suburbs. The analysis re‐examines and extends previous studies of the level of segregation by various key population characteristics, showing that the highest segregation is found in the suburban ring, where original villager residents are now joined by an influx of migrants from other regions and by intracity movers. We probe the sources of the segregation pattern in multivariate analyses at two scales—an innovative analysis at the level of individuals that shows how people's citizenship status, occupation and education affect the type of housing that they are able to live in, and jointly contribute to their location in the metropolitan area. We show that the patterns attributable to the market reform period mostly did not supplant the socialist urban structure, but rather used it as its foundation. Segregation today can be attributed less to current class inequality than to state policies in the distant and recent past that have determined when, where and for whom housing is built.     

Occupational attainment and stratification in China: The interactive effects of social networks and the hukou system

This paper examines the effects of social networks and hukou status on worker’s occupational attainment in China. To identify the potential ranking of different occupations, we consider the use of the stereotype ordered regression model to estimate individual occupational choice. Our results show that social networks play different roles in shaping occupational outcomes for urban and rural workers. In particular, friendship ties significantly improve urban workers’ opportunities in obtaining higher‐ranked occupations; in contrast, kinship ties appear to be more influential for rural migrants, but the effects are limited to the attainment of lower‐ranked occupations. While social contacts from government organizations or state‐owned sectors facilitate urban workers’ attainment of higher‐ranked occupations, similar patterns are not observed among rural workers. We further find that the beneficial effects of social networks or urban hukou identity are stronger for workers who are from less‐developed regions, who work in state‐owned enterprises, or who have a college degree. Decomposition of the wage gap between urban and rural workers suggests that differences in social networks and occupation types, together with hukou discrimination, account for the majority of the current wage inequality.     

Where hukou status matters: analyzing the linkage between supervisor perceptions of HR practices and employee work engagement

This paper highlights the interaction between intended human resource (HR) practices as perceived by supervisors and status similarity between supervisors and employees as a key source of variation in employee work engagement among 298 employees reporting to 54 supervisors at a luxury Chinese hotel. Using a multi-level, process-oriented approach to examine the relationship between intended HR practices by supervisors and engagement as perceived by employees, we show (1) that the interaction of supervisor perceptions of HR practices and supervisor–subordinate hukou (place of origin) status similarity is positively related to employee reports of Leader–member exchange (LMX), HR practices and work engagement; (2) that the interaction of supervisor perceptions of HR practices and hukou status similarity influences employee perceptions of HR practices through LMX; and (3) that the interaction of supervisor perceptions of HR practices and hukou status similarity influences work engagement through employee perceptions of LMX and HR practices. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

The Spatial Pattern of Residential Mobility in Guangzhou,China

In urban China, residential mobility behaviors have changed fundamentally in recent decades. While research has been undertaken on the trends and causes of residential relocation for different population groups, less attention has been paid to micro‐level processes of residential change, yet the latter underscore urban dynamics. This study addresses this through a survey conducted in Guangzhou in late 2012, which analyzes the spatial flows of residential shifts within and between three distance zones—inner core, inner suburbs and outer suburbs—to reveal complex mobility trends. In particular, hukou or household registration status, socio‐economic status, the nature and rank of employment, and tenure were found to have varied effects on the probability of inward and outward shifts. More specifically, while outward shifts in recent years mainly involved local hukou holders, families with higher education levels, a higher socio‐economic status or those working for government departments and public institutions were found to be more likely to settle in high‐rise commodity housing in the inner core. The majority of non‐hukou migrants, by contrast, moved within the same street or between adjacent streets within the same suburban area, while age, socio‐economic status and homeownership were found to increase an individual's chance of an inward shift.     

北京市海淀区"夫妻户口异地"家庭调查研究

近年来,海淀区居民与来自其他省市区的人结婚的现象越来越多.但来自其他省市区的人很难在结婚的同时将户口迁入到海淀区,这样就形成了规模日益扩大的"夫妻户口异地"家庭.本文对海淀区"夫妻户口异地"家庭的变动趋势、形成的原因及带来的影响等进行了分析.     

流动人口的户籍迁移意愿及其影响因素分析——基于一项在福建省的问卷调查

基于一项2009年在福建省进行的问卷调查数据,运用多项Logistic回归模型,从流动人口的个体特征、家庭因素、流入地和流出地特征和社会融合四个方面分析了影响流动人口户籍迁移意愿的主要因素。流动人口在户籍迁移意愿上具有多样化的选择,不同特征的流动人口其户籍迁移意愿存在明显差异,其中个体特征中的年龄、受教育程度、本地滞留时间和户口性质,家庭因素中的在迁入地家庭相对经济地位、同在此地家庭成员比以及家乡田地情况,流出地和流入地特征以及社会融合程度等都对其户籍迁移意愿产生显著影响。讨论了上述研究结果的政策启示意义。     

身份差别与收入差距：基于分位数回归的实证研究

基于均值分析的经典OLS回归掩盖了身份变量对于不同收入点的作用大小和显著性,本研究引入分位数回归,重点分析身份差别对于收入分布的影响及影响的规律性。利用2013年家庭住户收入调查（CHIP）数据,研究发现：①户籍身份对收入的条件分布具有呈"U"形的显著影响。②党员身份对中高端收入人群具有扩大收入差距的效应。③就业身份的影响差异明显,固定职工、长期合同人员相对于临时合同、没有合同人员在收入分布的中高端具有显著且更大的影响;在任一收入分位数水平上,固定职工、长期合同、临时或短期合同、没有合同的收入回报依次降低。     

政策偏向、省会首位度与城市规模分布

2010年后,部分省份强化了提升省内中心城市首位度的政策导向,这种以行政手段提升首位度的做法,会对城镇格局以及居民福利产生怎样的影响?本文基于量化空间模型,将影响城市规模的因素分解为生产率、用地指标、用地结构、就业机会、外生舒适度与住房有效供给率等维度,利用反事实方法评估了提升首位度的相关政策对居民福利、GDP以及城市规模分布的影响。研究发现:①当省级层面给予省会及副省级城市更多用地指标时,可以在提高这些城市首位度的同时提升总体GDP水平,但会导致均衡时居民福利水平有所降低;②GDP与福利的非同步变动,源于户籍制度影响下人口要素与土地要素的空间错配,即省会及副省级城市人口集聚不足而一般地级市用地约束加强;③若降低落户门槛或消除省内城市间住房有效供给率的差异,均能使GDP与福利水平同时提高,且城市规模分布向Zipf定律收敛。为此,以提升经济密度为导向,以渐进的户籍改革为手段推动人口向省会及副省级城市集聚,多管齐下提高省会及副省级城市住房有效供给水平,是优化城市规模分布、实现新型城镇化高质量发展的关键。