The persistence of knowledge‐based advantage: an empirical test for product performance and technological knowledge

Resource‐based theory maintains that intrinsic characteristics of resources and capabilities, such as their tacitness, complexity, and specificity, prevent imitation and thereby prolong exceptional performance. There is little direct evidence to verify these claims, yet a substantial literature encourages firms to formulate competitive strategies around resources with these attributes. Further, work outside the resource‐based tradition suggests that these attributes can slow innovation, and it is not clear when this effect outweighs the benefits of inimitability. This paper seeks to clarify whether and how the complexity, tacitness, and specificity of a firm's knowledge affect the persistence of its performance advantages. We find that the complexity and tacitness of technological knowledge are useful for defending a firm's major product improvements from imitation, but not for protecting its minor improvements. The design specificity of technological knowledge delayed imitation of minor improvements in this study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Innovation, Imitation and Intellectual Property Rights: A Note on Helpman's Model

This note analyses the effect of the policy of tightening Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on the rate of innovation in the North and on the welfare in both North and South in a model which is otherwise identical to Helpman (1993) except in the concept of knowledge capital. We assume that the South based imitated products do not contribute to the knowledge capital in the North. It is shown that the tightening of IPR raises the rate of innovation in the North and may improve the welfare of both North and South. These results are significantly different from those in Helpman (1993).     

企业现金流转系统动态仿真研究

本文运用系统动力学方法分析了企业现金流转问题的基本特征。针对一特定民营企业建立了企业现金流转的系统动力模型，并在此基础上，设计四种仿真方案模拟了不同条件下企业现金流转的具体情况，以期为企业现金流以及企业的持续经营做一些有益的探索。     

Economic Growth with Imperfect Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

This paper examines the growth effects of intellectual property right (IPR) protection in a quality-ladder model of endogenous growth. Stronger IPR protection, which reduces the imitation probability, increases the reward for innovation. However, stronger protection also gradually reduces the number of competitive sectors, in which innovation is easier than in monopolistic sectors. With free entry to R&D, the number of researchers in each remaining competitive sector increases, but the concentration of R&D activity raises the possibility of unnecessary duplication of innovation, thereby hindering growth. Consequently, imperfect rather than perfect protection maximizes growth. Welfare and scale effects are also examined.     

矿泉水瓶再生设计研究

由于500ml左右矿泉水瓶瓶口具有统一的螺纹规格,其次,瓶体的容量也具有接近统一的标准,这就为矿泉水瓶再生设计的开发提供了必要的前提。市场上关于矿泉水瓶的再生设计多利用矿泉水瓶作为盛水的容器,而没有继续探讨其盛放小型垃圾(瓜子壳,纸屑,铅笔屑等)的功能。本文以绿色设计中延长产品生命周期的理念为原则,以联想法、模仿法及组合法等产品设计方法为指导,推出一款全新的使用矿泉水瓶衍生功能的产品,并着重介绍在本设计进行的过程中得出的新的设计方法:系统化条件下的功能衍生法。通过这款设计来说明现有产品衍生出新的功能的可行性,并总结一定的设计经验与设计方法,为以后进行相关设计奠定理论和方法基础。     

论亚里士多德的模仿说

在古希腊文论中,亚里士多德的模仿说涉及艺术的起源、艺术的构成以及艺术与现实的关系等问题,在西方文论史上具有举足轻重的地位。亚里士多德的模仿说对现代文艺理论影响颇深,无论是模仿、词本身的意思、在文论中的意思,还是模仿的源流、模仿的种差和模仿的缺陷等都是学者们研究的重点。     

集群企业创新行为机制分析

在传统产业中小企业集群中,普遍存在的企业模仿为什么没有抑制企业创新?结合相关文献分析和对现实中集群发展历程及企业行为的现察,可以发现其中的内生性模仿机制和竞争性、合作性创新机制,从企业行为机制视角观察集群创新是如何启动的;在企业不同阶段和不同集群类型中,企业模仿和创新的路径也不同.由此得出了培育产业集群和升级产业集群方面的政策含义,指出政府对于传统产业集群创新升级方面大有作为.     

技术模仿、技术创新的战略选择模型和经济增长

一国技术水平程度的高低在很大程度上影响和决定了该国经济发展的水平和经济增长的速度,技术水平提高的途径主要有两种:技术模仿和技术创新.但技术创新并不只是发达国家的"专利",技术创新除了与人均资本存量和人均人力资本水平有关外,也与总体的人均资本存量和人力资本水平有关.本文将国家技术发展战略分为四类,并给出了各种不同技术发展战略的情景条件.     

南北贸易与企业研发行为述评

近十几年来,全球经济一体化的趋势不断加强,在科技进步对经济发展的促进作用越来越重要的背景下,开放经济对企业研发行为的影响正受到越来越多的关注。本文对近年来国内外对于南北贸易不同方式下的企业研发行为进行了综述。现有研究集中于封闭经济、进出口贸易、FDI几种主要方式下典型企业以创新和模仿为代表的研发行为及政府的相关政策。此外,南北贸易下影响企业研发行为的重要因素——知识产权保护也被学者们广泛探讨。     

Learning to choose a commodity-money: Carl Menger's theory of imitation and the search monetary framework

This paper studies Carl Menger's theory of the emergence of a commodity money. We propose an interpretation of Menger's learning by imitation process based on the search theoretical formal framework. We show that there exists a tension between the importance of intrinsic properties of commodities and the pure conventional self-fulfilling expectations of agents. This confirms the role of imitation in the emergence of monetary equilibria in search theory. We conclude that Menger's approach may support the idea that the fundamental property of a commodity-money (namely its great liquidity) is the result of its emergence process and not necessarily of its original intrinsic properties.