自由软件开发的模块化理论解释与启示

本文以GNU/Linux为例讨论了源代码的内部结构在自由软件开发中所起的重要作用。为此,我们考虑了源代码的模块化属性。源代码的模块化将直接影响开发者是否参与对自由软件的开发。基于模块化的自由软件开发不仅实现了劳动的分工,同时也实现了劳动价值的分割,在自由软件的开发过程中较好地解决了搭便车问题。同时,模块化理论对我国发展软件产业也有一定的借鉴作用。     

Inter‐temporal economies of scope,organizational modularity,and the dynamics of diversification

The question of whether corporations add value beyond that created by individual businesses has engendered much debate in recent years. Some of this debate has focused on the pros and cons of related vs. unrelated diversification. A standard explanation of the benefits of related diversification has to do with the ability to obtain intra‐temporal economies of scope from contemporaneous sharing of resources by related businesses within the firm. In contrast, this paper deals with inter‐temporal economies of scope that firms achieve by redeploying resources and capabilities between related businesses over time, as firms exit some markets while entering others. The transfer of resources due to market exit distinguishes our treatment of inter‐temporal economies of scope from standard intra‐temporal economies of scope. In addition, these inter‐temporal economies can benefit from a decentralized and modular organizational structure. This ability to obtain inter‐temporal economies of scope via organizational modularity and recombination suggests that corporations do not necessarily need a high degree of coordination between business units in order to benefit from a strategy of related diversification. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How supply chain architecture and product architecture impact firm performance: An empirical examination

In order to enhance performance, manufacturing firms are building various capabilities and utilizing supply chain networks that are geographically dispersed around the globe. This study examines how decisions related to supply chain architecture and product architecture influence organizational competitiveness. Building on the co-specialization perspective, we evaluate the performance implications of product modularity and supply chain agility. While, product modularity constitutes a product configuration related to sourcing and assembling of products, supply chain agility is a supply chain configuration related to velocity (sensing, comprehending, and responding) and visibility (supplier network, internal operations, and external environment). Both the product and supply chain architectural decisions can impact performance, individually and in conjunction with each other. We empirically test the hypothesized relationships using data collected from 103 manufacturing firms. Results show that supply chain agility and product modularity directly enhance responsiveness and enable organizations to reduce cost. Furthermore, supply chain agility partially mediates the relationship between product modularity and both responsiveness and cost reduction. We elaborate on the key contributions of this study for both research and practice, discuss limitations, and also offer various avenues for further research.     

模块化研究综述

有关模块化的研究越来越多,本文对国内外的研究进行了综述。主体部分按模块化产品的生命周期研究,模块化产品、模块化组织与系统整合的研究两条线索,围绕运作管理、产品开发以及组织管理等方面评述模块化的主要研究成果。提出几个待于进一步研究的问题。     

工业系统知识体系和耦合特征的研究评述

知识系统及耦合特征是产业技术经济和组织管理领域的学者关注的重要概念,国外相关研究成果十分丰富。有关模块化、系统集成的概念、范围和相互关系,仍然存在很大争议。文章从知识分类的视角出发,评述相关问题的论争,归纳总结已有研究的缺陷和未来的改进方向。     

模块化集中与中国金融现代化改革

金融模块化是中国金融现代化的一个思路。金融模块化包括模块化分解和模块化集中。本文从模块、模块化和模块化集中的介绍入手,论述了金融模块化集中及其对金融创新等方面的意义,在此基础上阐释金融模块化集中的三大战略选择:建立金融控股集团、构筑金融企业与其企业客户的外部战略联盟和构筑金融综合监管机制,然后论证在加入世贸组织以后,中国必须在金融领域加强市场的力量,通过金融模块化方法等金融创新手段实现中国金融现代化。     

Does technological modularity substitute for control? A study of alliance performance in software outsourcing

Although control is presumed to be necessary to curb opportunism, its implementation in alliances can be costly and challenging. Paradoxically, some contemporary firms have counterintuitively developed successful alliances without extensive formal control. A widespread but untested assertion that might help reconcile this contradiction is that technological modularity reduces the need for alliance control. The objective of this study is to develop and test this assertion. Using data from 120 software outsourcing alliances, we show that, process control, outcome control, and modularity independently enhance alliance performance. However modularity and control are imperfect substitutes: modularity lowers the influence of process control but not of outcome control on alliance performance. Our theoretical development and empirical testing of the interactions of alliance control with modularity has significant implications for strategy theory and practice, which are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

组织模块化及其挑战:组织形态演进的思考

本文基于现有研究,分析了组织形态从家庭作坊到工厂组织,再到公司制组织,并最终进化为模块化组织的演进历程,认为资本增值性、技术进步、市场因素(需求、贸易、竞争)、交易费用和新经济元素(信息技术、互联网络、知识资本)等因素影响并推进着组织形态变迁,并最终催生了模块化组织。其中,技术进步是组织形态向模块化组织演进的关键动因。技术模块化引起的价值链解构、竞合机制的形成、顾客直接参与价值分配是模块化组织价值释放效应的表现,这将使以交易费用为理论基石的传统企业组织理论受到挑战。     

基于模块化的先进制造业价值网络构建研究

本文认为,先进制造企业以模块化运作为基础,对自身价值链进行整合,通过构建价值网络为企业融入全球价值链、参与全球竞争提供平台,由此带来整个价值体系的跃迁.文章提出,随着信息技术的发展、知识经济的兴起和经济全球化趋势的加快,柔性化的生产方式和个性化的消费品越来越受到消费者的欢迎.先进制造企业应充分利用模块化和价值网络带来的便利条件,不断提高产品的规模实力,提升企业的技术创新水平.     

基于模块化分工的中国产业升级研究

全球化背景下,模块化分工通过产业转移的形式可推动后起国家或地区的产业升级。当前中国正面临国内产业升级的较大压力,同时也处于国际有利形势中。借鉴国际成功经验,促进中国产业升级可通过产业核心资源的整合、品牌模块企业的创建、高级生产性服务业的加快发展以及自主创新能力的培养等措施来实现。