论前见

传统解释学主张克服前见以达到对文本的绝对把握,哲学解释学把前见看作理解的本体论处境,是理解得以可能的本体论条件,前见是无法超越的。这两种观点都有片面性。人首先属于历史,同时历史又是属于人的历史。在本体论意义上,一切理解都是从前见出发的理解,是无法超越的;在方法论意义上,一切理解又都是不断超越前见的理解,前见又都是可以并且应该被超越的。对前见本身应当保持自觉的解释学意识,我们应该认识到理解的相对性与绝对性、多样性与统一性,以及理解的可能性、局限性、派生性等等。前见决定了理解的相对性,同时又决定了理解的绝对性,理解是相对性与绝对性的辩证统一。     

Harsh Evaluations of Entrepreneurs Who Fail: The Role of Sexual Orientation,Use of Environmentally Friendly Technologies,and Observers' Perspective Taking

Although there is a pervasive anti‐failure bias in society, we investigate why some entrepreneurs who fail are evaluated more harshly than others. Building on attribution theory and the literatures on prejudice, pro‐social intentions, and perspective taking, we offer an evaluation model of entrepreneurial failure and test this model on 6,784 assessments made by 212 observers. We find that variance in the harshness of failure evaluations depends on both the attributes of the entrepreneur and the attributes of the observer, and the interaction between the two. Specifically, entrepreneurs who are homosexual are evaluated more harshly by some observers and entrepreneurs who use environmentally friendly technology are evaluated less harshly. Moreover, observers high in perspective taking are more ‘lenient’ in their failure evaluations of those who use environmentally friendly technology than those low in perspective taking.     

A contextual study of female-leader role stereotypes in the hotel sector

Guided by the role congruity theory (RCT), this paper examines the mismatch in female-leader role stereotypes and how this mismatch may lead to prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. It also tests how gender equality practices and leadership development programmes (LDPs) may mitigate prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. Following a quantitative approach, this study uses a paired sample t-test and linear approach (i.e. multiple regression) to model the relationships and test the hypotheses formulated. Drawing on a survey of 392 employees working in 4- and 5-star hotels in Jordan, the study shows that employees stereotype successful leaders to be more masculine than feminine while they attribute both feminine and masculine stereotypes to women. There is, thus, an element of congruity in female-leader role stereotypes which reduces prejudicial evaluations against female leaders. Moreover, the results indicate that gender equality practices and LDPs significantly enhance the emergence and effectiveness of women leaders. The importance of this study derives from extending the RCT through a contextual investigation in the hotel sector in Jordan. This was done by considering two additional constructs, i.e. gender equality practices and LDPs that mitigate prejudice against female leaders.     

从理解历史性论诗歌翻译

根据哲学解释学理解历史性原则,理解者历史性、译者理解"偏见"和理解对象历史性直接影响着诗歌翻译中的译诗选材、译者创译和译文文风。诗歌翻译必须主客观因素相结合,尽力为源文本在新语境下找到适当的历史定位达到原视界与新视界的融合。     

语言偏见和语言平等——从爱德华·萨皮尔《语言论—言语研究导论》看语言的优劣观

人们自身在自觉不自觉中形成的语言偏见或语言歧视,使得语言的使用者给语言穿上了身份高低等非语言因素的外衣。通过利用社会语言学家拉波夫、历史语言学家徐通锵和人类语言学家萨皮尔的相关理论对一些自发的语言事实进行分析,得出语言并没有高低、优劣之分,即语言是平等的事实。     

大学生就业中的院校歧视行为研究*--以东北某大型国企为例

企业招聘行为中存在着大量的歧视行为,目前备受关注的更多的是性别歧视、学历歧视、户籍歧视等问题,而基于大学毕业生毕业院校类型的不同而存在的院校歧视并没有受到学者们的广泛关注。基于对我国东北某大型国企实地考察的结果表明：大学生就业中的院校歧视行为对于用人单位主要发挥着简历筛选、标示、被动抵御用人不正之风等三方面的功能。院校歧视行为绝不只是单纯基于认知的片面性而形成的毫无道理的偏见,它与我国宏观劳动力市场环境、宏观产业结构、高校人才培养模式、人情社会环境等密切相关。     

西方轻商思想的历史演变及其与中国的比较

古希腊罗马的哲学家认为商业是一种卑贱的职业,不能创造新的财富,应由最下等的人来从事。他们的轻商观念对西方社会产生了深远影响。中世纪西欧社会在宗教神学的笼罩下,将商人的逐利行为斥为罪孽。商业由那些被认为下等的外来人或失去土地的流浪人来从事。但中世纪松散的社会结构又为商业留下了发展空间。商业经济的发展瓦解了西欧的封建制度,民族国家随之兴起,并迎来了重商主义时代。开展海外贸易的商人赢得了尊敬,但国内贸易依然受歧视,因为重商主义并不“重商”,认为贸易是零和游戏。重商主义之后,轻商观念逐渐被消除,但西方形成的经济学研究传统并未使商业成为重要的研究对象。与西欧相比,中国的轻商思想更加根深蒂固,因为森严的封建等级制度没有给商业的壮大留足空间。轻商思想与抑商政策合二为一限制了商业的发展,因而中国没有形成如同西欧那样强大的商人阶层。     

新生代农民工社会偏见研究：特征、类型、因素及对策

关注新生代农民工社会偏见,是构建和谐人格、和谐社会的迫切性要求,从社会心理学角度研究了中国新生代农民工社会偏见的特征、类型以及对新生代农民工社会偏见现象背后的心理机制作了理论上的探讨,进而对社会偏见现象和构建自我和谐、和谐社会目标提出合理有效的策略。     

Does racial prejudice affect black entrepreneurship?: evidence exploiting spatial differences in prejudicial attitudes

This article explores the relationship between racial prejudice towards blacks and the black-white self-employment rate gap and provides the first direct empirical evidence that racial prejudice negatively impacts black self-employment, particularly in high start-up cost industries. To perform this analysis, I construct a measure of prejudicial attitudes using responses from the General Social Survey and estimate the relationship between self-employment and this index using the American Community Survey. I find that an amount of prejudice equal to the difference in least and most prejudiced census divisions increases the black-white self-employment rate gap in high start-up cost industries by 10.4–16.8%, depending upon whether parental self-employment is controlled for, and represents the entire impact of racial prejudice on the black-white self-employment rate gap. Additionally, racial prejudice widens the black-white self-employment income gap by between 6.4% and 8.2% in my full specification, dependent upon how income is measured. Evidence indicates that racial prejudice is causing blacks difficulty in financing their businesses. The results presented are robust to various modelling and data assumptions.     

Upward classism: Prejudice and stereotyping against the wealthy

While there are many studies of prejudice towards disadvantaged minorities, there has been little research into stereotypes of rich people. The author commissioned the first international comparative study to investigate popular attitudes towards rich people. He analyses findings from the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and France, and calculates a ‘Social Envy Coefficient’ for these four countries. Envy appears most pronounced in France, followed by Germany. By contrast, envy is significantly lower in the United States and Great Britain, although there are interesting variations by age. In addition, the study subjects a sample of popular international feature films and articles in German newspapers to detailed media content analysis. This analysis finds that rich individuals are predominantly portrayed as cold-hearted, profit-hungry and morally suspect.