产业结构软化及其对世界经济发展的影响

产业结构的状态总是随着经济发展的变化而处于不断变动之中。20世纪中期以来，以信息技术革命为核心的新技术革命的兴起加速了世界产业结构的全方位变革，出现了产业结构软化的趋势。产业结构软化趋势主要表现为产业结构服务化、高技术化、融合化和国际化，它是世界经济发展的必然结果，同时又对世界经济发展产生了重要的影响。     

中、日独立董事制度比较研究

中国和日本在本世纪初分别引入了独立董事制度,但其实施效果却各不相同。本文从两个国家公司治理模式、移植进程中立法方式以及实施效果进行对比分析。最后得出本文结论:日本移植该制度所采用柔性的选择机制,更有利于新制度的移植和长效发展,这样的移植方式对我国完善公司治理有一定的借鉴意义。     

Role of transfusion in stem cell transplantation: a freedom-from-transfusion (FFT), cost and survival analysis

Abstract

Background: Transfusion of blood products is often necessary for patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT). The need for red cell and platelet transfusion may vary significantly depending on the type of transplantation and underlying disease.

Methods: In an attempt to evaluate the need and volume of transfusions in patients undergoing SCT at University of Kansas Medical Center, the authors retrospectively evaluated the transfusion data of all patients who received SCT between 2000 and 2005.

Results: A total of 138 (90%) out of 154 patients undergoing autologous SCT and 24 (43%) out of 56 patients with allogeneic SCT exhibited total hematopoietic engraftment and freedom from transfusion (FFT). Time to achieve FFT (median; range) for RBC units for autologous SCT (12; 0–183) was significantly shorter compared with allogeneic SCT (16.5; 0–373). Number of RBC units (median; range) transfused were significantly less in patients undergoing autologous SCT (4; 0–26) compared to patients undergoing allogeneic SCT (6.5; 0–54). The median cost of transfusion was significantly higher in patients undergoing allogeneic SCT (red cell: $2,015; platelet: $4,480) compared to patients undergoing autologous SCT (red cell: $1,240; platelet: $2,520). The authors recognize that this was a retrospective single-center study and practice guidelines may vary from center to center.

Conclusion: Authors conclude that transfusion of blood products is an expensive but integral part of SCT, more so for allogeneic SCT than for patients undergoing autologous SCT. Total FFT is a desirable long-term goal of successful marrow transplantation.     

Cost utility of allogeneic stem cell transplantation with matched unrelated donor versus treatment with imatinib for adult patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia

Objective: To estimate, from the perspective of the German statutory health insurance, the cost utility of allogeneic stem cell transplantation with matched unrelated donor (MUD-SCT) in newly diagnosed, chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients aged 40 years or younger, relative to the treatment with imatinib.

Methods: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the additional cost of imatinib versus MUD-SCT per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained was chosen as a target assessment. ICER was quantified using a Markov cohort modelling approach. The evaluation encompassed 5 years of treatment with either approach, and only direct medical costs (in €, year 2005) were considered.

Results: There were incremental costs of €77,410 for imatinib therapy per QALY gained versus MUD-SCT. No strategy was clearly dominant; on average, during 5 years, cost savings of €63,433 were obtained and 0.82 QALY lost by SCT compared to treatment with imatinib. QALYs gained in CML patients with either treatment resulted in considerable cost to the third-party payer in Germany. The results were particularly sensitive to the price of imatinib.

Conclusions: The analysis finds that imatinib is more costly but more effective (as measured in QALYs) over a 5-year time horizon. The resulting ICER of €77,410 per QALY is higher than commonly cited thresholds. The cost utility of MUD-SCT to treat CML in patients with a European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation score ≤ to 2 compares with that of the imatinib strategy.     

改革开放30年与商事法律制度建设

商事法律制度在我国改革开放这30年来取得了骄人的成绩,并极大的促进了我国经济制度的发展,但商事法律制度发展还存看各商事单行法制度之间缺乏制度衔接,商事法律制度移植"水土不服"等问题.应制定商事通则,做到商事立法的移植与本土化相结合,商事单行法制定与其他法律制度相结合.要借鉴各国经验,构建出有中国特色的社会主义商法体系.     

对法律移植的再思考——以辩诉交易制度的移植为例

法律移植作为一种创新性的法律活动,其目的在于改变一国的法律,使其实现法律的现代化。辩诉交易制度本身的利弊权衡仍存广泛争议。我国目前不具备移植辩诉交易制度的现实基础,如果强行移植辩诉交易,将有可能对我国现行法制产生冲击。     

外来词义的移植：现代汉语非派生式新义探源——兼谈《现代汉语词典》在词的比喻义收释中存在的不足

一些外来词义之所以能顺利“移植”现代汉语词义系统中,主要原因在于：（1）汉外对应词词义的不完全对应导致了汉语词义空位的产生;（2）汉外对应词中外语词新义的产生也会导致汉语词词义空位的形成;（3）外来词语直译所带来的汉语固有词或语素（以单音节为主）意义的变化也会形成汉语固有词或语素的意义空位。这也给《现代汉语词典》等语文辞书释义的充实和完善带来了新的挑战。     

基于S3C2410的嵌入式用户图形界面软件的设计

介绍了嵌入式微处理器S3C2410X及其相关显示模块TFT_LCD,包括S3C2410X与LCD的接口电路、LCD控制器及其特殊功能寄存器部分。详细分析了如何利用ARM9的LCD控制器进行LCD的驱动设计。在此基础上,将其与μC/GUI图形用户界面整合在一起,形成一个小巧实用的嵌入式软件开发平台。     

论制度变迁中的四大问题

制度变迁是制度的替代、转换与交易过程。制度变迁可以被理解为一种效益更高的制度(即所谓“目标模式”)对另一种制度(即所谓“起点模式”)的替代过程。制度变迁从其层次来分，有基础性制度安排与次级制度安排：从其主体来分，有强制性制度变迁与诱致性制度变迁；从其途径来分，有制度移植与制度创新；从其方式来分，有渐进式制度变迁与激进式制度变迁。从不同角度来研究制度变迁，对于我们深入认识制度变迁的过程及其规律具有重要的意义。     

A cost-utility analysis of prolonged-release tacrolimus relative to immediate-release tacrolimus and ciclosporin in liver transplant recipients in the UK

Background: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) represent the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation. A recent network meta-analysis (NMA) evaluated the relative efficacy of CNIs ciclosporin, prolonged-release (PR) tacrolimus, and immediate-release (IR) tacrolimus in adult liver transplant recipients based on randomized and large observational trials published since 2000. Based on the NMA findings, the present study evaluated the cost-utility of PR tacrolimus relative to ciclosporin or IR tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients in the UK.

Methods: A Markov model was developed to evaluate the cost-utility of immunosuppressive regimens in liver transplant recipients, capturing costs associated with immunosuppression, retransplantation, acute rejection (AR), and cytomegalovirus infection. Mortality, graft loss, and AR odds ratios were derived from the NMA. Costs were taken from the British National Formulary and the NHS National Tariff and expressed in 2016 pounds sterling. Future costs and effects were discounted at 3.5% annually.

Results: Over 25 years, PR tacrolimus resulted in increased life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) relative to IR tacrolimus and ciclosporin. Relative to ciclosporin, QALE increased by 1.17 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) with PR tacrolimus while costs increased by GBP £4645, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £3962 per QALY gained. Relative to IR tacrolimus, QALE increased by 0.78 QALYs and costs by £1474, resulting in an ICER of £1889 per QALY gained. Sensitivity analysis showed the analysis to be most sensitive to dosing assumptions.

Conclusions: Based on a UK-specific analysis of the projected cost-utility of PR tacrolimus relative to IR tacrolimus and ciclosporin, PR tacrolimus was cost-effective, improving life expectancy and QALE relative to both IR tacrolimus and ciclosporin, yielding ICERs below £20 000 per QALY gained. The main limitations of the study were data source heterogeneity and omitting the economic and clinical effects of treating aspects of recurrent liver disease.