The "Invisible Hand"

The argument of the "Invisible Hand" is that the system of free enterprise benefits society in general even though it is not the aim of any particular economic agent to do that. This article proposes an analysis of why this is so. The key is that the morality of the market forbids only force and fraud; it does not require people to do good to others. Nevertheless, when all transactions are voluntary to both parties, that is exactly what we can expect to happen. This is both because the sum of the benefits of innumerable transactions, which are beneficial to both parties, is very great, but also and especially because of Positive Externalities. People use the particular products and services they get in market exchanges in ways that benefit others in ways not at all foreseen by the agents to those transactions at the time. These externalities range from the benefits of invention and ingenuity to the exercise of charity and philanthropy, all of which flourish in developed capitalist societies.     

论上市公司信息披露的强制性与自愿性

上市公司财务信息披露的质量,既关系着投资者和债权人的利益,又关系着国家证券市场的稳定发展。为保护投资者的利益和更好维持市场秩序,国家先后颁布和实施了一系列关于强制披露会计信息的法律法规,同时也鼓励上市公司按照自愿性的原则披露一些其他经济信息。但在实际工作中,无论是国内还是国外,对于信息披露的强制性和自愿性执行的结果还不是十分的令投资者满意。文章叙述了上市公司信息披露的强制性与自愿性二者的关系,分析了我国上市公司信息披露的现状,提出了提高上市公司信息披露的强制性与自愿性质量的建议。     

强制调解之法理与实践

自愿性是调解正当化的基础及首要原则.调解自愿原则有程序和实体两方面的含义,即诉诸调解程序的自愿和接受调解结果的自愿.很多国家在调解启动程序自愿上出现严格解释的倾向,针对某些类型案件进行强制调解的立法与实践,反映出扩大调解适用的司法政策,同时也引发了一些争议.强制调解应该受制于程序正当性和有效性的要求.中国近几年也出现了强制调解的立法与实践,为在保护当事人程序选择权的前提下真正发挥出强制调解的功能,在条件成熟时,应该对强制调解的范围、模式等进行适当调整与完善.