拉脱维亚使投资者驻足

拉脱维亚是一个依赖外国投资的国家。自1991年独立以来,吸收的外国直接投资一直是促进本国经济发展的主要力量,而且外国投资额稳步增长,每四五年就将近翻一番。到2003年,拉脱维亚吸引外资近百亿美元,其中直接投资31.45亿美元。目前人均外国直接投资额在中、东欧国家排位第五。     

拉脱维亚：充满投资机遇的国家

四月的北京,春风和煦,百花争艳。 13日,在中国贸促会举办的“中国——拉脱维亚企业家洽谈会“上,来访的拉脱维亚总统瓦依拉·维凯—弗来贝加女士说,拉脱维亚是一个快速发展和充满投资机遇的国家,拉脱维亚欢迎中国企业前来投资。 15日,在《中国——拉脱维亚投资贸易保护协定》签字前,中国国家主席胡锦涛对瓦依拉·维凯—弗来贝加总统说,中国政府鼓励中国企业到拉脱维亚投资。     

拉脱维亚加入欧元区及其面临的挑战

拉脱维亚自1991年独立以后,立即在政治和经济领域启动转轨进程。1992年颁布新宪法,使拉成为三权分立、多党制和意识形态多元化的国家。政治转轨使拉政局出现混乱,甚至在很长一段时间内对组阁产生负面影响。但到2005年以后,政治体制趋向成熟,总统选举和议会选举均能按照欧盟的标准有序进行,国家步入求稳图强的发展阶段。拉实行经济转轨,主要摆脱苏联时期计划经济模式、尽快建立市场经济。在对国有资产实行私有化的同时,拉重点发展与欧洲国家的经贸关系。1999年拉成功加入世贸组织,2004年加入北约并成为欧盟成员国。此后,拉以加入欧元区为目标,按照欧盟要求抑制国内需求,降低通胀率。但在国际金融危机的影响下,拉经济也呈现下降趋势。由于实施紧缩政策,拉将财政赤字和通胀率维持在可控限度内,并于2014年成功加入欧元区。     

哥得兰岛

风光旖旎的哥得兰岛位于波罗的海的中央，差不多在瑞典和拉脱维亚的中间，有很多可资炫耀的地方：一个获得联合国教科文组织称赞的中世纪首府、点缀着松露的树林，     

The Latvian Road to the Euro

The article presents the situation in Latvia ahead of the country＇s adoption of the euro by offering an analysis of the extent to which the country is prepared for the move and of general economic difficulties as well as indicating possible threats to its future development. The article talks about difficulties caused by the great unemployment connected with the specific economy of the country, political problems of the post-socialistic multinational country and steps done towards the fulfilling of all the convergence criteria. Its aim is to present the moments around the change of the currency which is done by the material＇s analysis because there are not enough statistical data for the mathematical analysis. It can be concluded that the adoption of the euro will probably be beneficial in the long run for Latvia＇s economy. The conclusions may be done by comparison with the situation of Estonia and its foreign trade with Poland which is shown in the article because there are a lot of similarities between the two Baltic countries.     

Risks Matrixes Risks Assessment Tools of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises： The Case of Latvia

The enterprises need to assess the risk dynamic of financial instability and its impact on small and medium-sized enterprises＇ development, because it is important for enterprises to extend commercial activity and to open a new structural subdivision. We have researched types of risks, their identification, classification, and assessment possibilities in activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. We have used our own algorithm of identification, classification, and assessment of enterprises＇ risks. The goal of this research is to study the economic and financial risks＇ impact on small and medium-sized enterprises＇ development in Latvia. For study purpose, we have carried out the questionnaire of representative small and medium-sized enterprises about the economic and financial risks＇ impact on enterprises＇ development in Latvia. We have created classification of Latvian services sectors＇ economic and financial risks in the period from 2011 to 2012. Those risks have been included in the questionnaire. The risks matrix is a quantitative assessment tool of risks. We have created Latvian service sector economic and financial risks matrix. We have arranged risks by their sizes of possible losses for enterprises. For each risk has been assessed its probability of realization. We have created Latvian accommodations （hotel） and food services technological process risks map. Several parts of the risk map （segments） make it possible to assess each type of the risk separately in its segment. Risks matrix can be used to choose enterprises＇ strategy of risk management. Enterprise＇s strategy of risk management is developed by analysing zones of risk level.     

The Significance of CSF Among Enterprises in Latvia： An In-depth Analysis

The present research paper is dedicated to the in-depth analysis of the significance of critical-to-success factors （CSF） among enterprises in Latvia. The goal is to distinguish and find key success factors of Latvian companies who survived the economic crisis, which started in 2008, and executed the enabling objectives of the paper. Research methodology involves the analysis of the existing theoretical literature, in-depth interviews with the top management representatives of large Latvian business entities were interviewed by GFK （Custom Research Baltic agency） on behalf of the authors of the paper. It is found out that 10 largest industries for the big companies are： fuel retail and wholesale, energetics, food retail and wholesale, chemical products, logistics, metal processing, financial services, information technologies service and production, passenger transportation, and telecommunication services. For medium companies such industries are： food retail and wholesale, logistics, fuel retail and wholesale, wood processing, automotive industry, construction, financial services, pharmaceutical products, metal processing, and beverage wholesale and production. The authors also scrutinised 72 articles of 38 Forbes magazine archiving from the years 2010-2014. Thirty CSF were defmed. The most significant CSF according to the Forbes interviews are specific market niche, export, technological innovations, and high quality of products and services. The in-depth interviews with the top management representatives prove the importance of the above mentioned factors. Relevant recommendations are provided in the end of the paper.     

中东欧国家物业税改革的意义与障碍

根据当前政治倾向和加入欧盟的进程,可以把中东欧国家分为两部分:一部分是在20世纪90年代初已经加入了欧盟或北大西洋公约组织和在20世纪90年代中叶已经表明了加入欧盟的态度,实行自由市场化的国家,包括爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚等国;另一部分是20世纪90年代后仍与前苏联有紧密联系的国家,也就是被称作自治体联邦的国家如巴尔干地区.     

“东西方交通走廊”运输展望

一直以来,对新亚欧大陆桥(欧洲称为"东西方交通走廊或新丝绸之路")发展给予更多关注的国家或地区,以中国为最,其次是日韩和中亚五国。比较而言,欧洲及俄罗斯对新亚欧大陆桥的关注度较弱。2006年,以瑞典布京地区为主,联合丹麦、立陶宛、俄罗斯的加里宁格勒地区组成课题组,获得欧盟186.2万欧元的资助,申报了INTERREG III("东西方交通走廊")项目,提出了"新丝绸之路"的概念,这对于推动大陆桥运输的更快发展具有极其重要的意义。本刊特刊出《"东西方交通走廊"运输展望》,以期引起业界和社会各界对新亚欧大陆桥国际运输便利化的重视,以及对解决陆桥运输当中存在问题的措施进行探讨。     

The Case of the Baltic Region： The History of the Faculty of Trade and Commerce

In the anticipation of the 150th anniversary of the Riga Technical University （Latvia）, some questions have become the objects of historical research. This article is devoted to the beginnings of the Faculty of Trade and Commerce in Latvia. The article reviews the historical situation and documents characterising the establishment of the faculty of the new educational institution; attention has been mostly paid to the history up to 1896 when the school underwent reorganisation.