新兴市场合资企业R&D强度与企业绩效或有关系及调整

MNCs（跨国公司）通过组建合资企业进入新兴市场,由于其R&D活动面临着创新专用性风险,使其R&D强度与合资企业绩效之间表现为一种或有关系。使用厦门、长沙和重庆3地制造业样本检验验证了该理论假设。就市场战略而言,只有那些以国际市场战略为主的合资企业才能获得R&D对合资企业绩效的促进效应;进一步考虑合资企业不同的所有权结构——市场战略配置结构,发现只有在以国际市场战略——MNCs占绝对多数股权的合资企业中,R&D强度对企业绩效的促进效应才会显现,而其它任何类型的配置结构均没有发现这种促进效应。这些发现可为中国完善外资政策提供理论指导。     

Technological arbitrage opportunities and interindustry differences in entry rates

In this study we investigate the relationship between technological arbitrage opportunities and entry rates in twenty-six industries over the course of five years. Arbitrage opportunities are shown to be a positive and significant predictor of business entry rates. Such positive effect is weakened in industries with strong appropriability regime including effective patents, secrecy, and lead time. Adding arbitrage opportunities to the typical determinants of entrepreneurship such as innovative opportunities significantly increases predictive power of the regression models.     

Open innovation: Are absorptive and desorptive capabilities complementary?

While recent studies in open innovation emphasize the synergies between in-bound and out-bound knowledge flow, empirical results are inconsistent. In this study, we argue that in order to engage simultaneously in both “buying” and “selling” activities, firms need to develop specific capabilities to manage knowledge inflows and outflows, e.g., absorptive and desorptive capacities. We build on key aspects of open innovation and knowledge management literature, arguing that absorptive and desorptive capacity are complementary rather than substitute, and engaging simultaneously in both activities should allow firms to develop their financial performance. We test our model using a sample of 541 New Zealand firms that are deeply involved in international collaborations and find empirical evidence that absorptive and desorptive capacity are not independent and the balanced development of these capabilities has higher impacts on firm’s performance. Further, our findings indicate that technology licensing capability is not a stand-alone task, and its interplay with absorptive capacity plays a key role in the development of a firm’s performance.     

可占有性战略、技术柔性与主导设计形成:比较案例研究

基于企业层面和技术层面双重视角,以激光光盘行业BD、HD DVD和移动操作系统Android、iOS的标准竞争作为比较案例,考察了技术发起者可占有性战略如何影响主导设计形成。研究发现：①技术发起者对技术标准采取更加开放的战略,一方面有助于吸引更多组件生产商,扩大标准联盟规模并提高标准联盟多元性,另一方面,技术发起者鼓励组件生产商参与技术标准开发与商业化,有助于改进技术标准,而技术标准性能改善将进一步吸引更多组件生产商。标准联盟规模与标准联盟多元性之间的自我强化效应最终促进主导设计形成;②技术柔性不仅受到可占有性战略的影响,也受到技术发起者在标准开发过程中所确立的技术规范内在特征的影响。柔性程度较高的技术标准往往能够得到更多改进,从而有助于弥补特定技术标准存在的初始设计缺陷。     

双元独占策略对R & D联盟形成决策的影响

R&D联盟有利于促进企业间知识交流,却易产生非预期的知识泄漏、创新模仿和机会主义等风险,因此在R&D联盟形成中考虑企业独占策略的影响至关重要。从联盟治理结构和联盟范围入手,探索双元独占策略对R&D联盟形成决策的影响,并讨论联盟经验的调节作用。结合来自电子信息、生物制药、机械制造和软件等行业208份问卷的调查数据,进行实证分析。结果显示,强调原发性独占策略的企业更倾向选择非股权联盟治理结构,强调生成性独占策略的企业更倾向选择股权联盟治理结构;原发性独占程度越高,企业越倾向选择更广泛的联盟范围;生成性独占程度越高,企业越倾向选择更狭小的联盟范围。另外,联盟经验对企业独占策略与R&D联盟治理结构的关系,以及企业独占策略与联盟范围的关系均存在显著的不同调节作用。     

企业开放式创新与独占性机制耦合评价研究

在回顾企业开放式创新与独占性机制研究文献的基础上,对两者间耦合关系进行分析与检验。通过构建企业开放式创新与独占性机制测评指标体系,采用提高稳定性的组合评价法确定企业开放式创新与独占性机制的系统指标权重,通过构建多系统耦合函数对两系统的耦合度进行分析。实证分析结果表明,算例中企业开放式创新与独占性机制处于中度耦合和中度协调耦合状态。     

Value of knowledge—Technology strategies in different knowledge regimes

This paper introduces a knowledge-based view of the firm, which enables us to analyze how the firm should build up its technology strategies in order to capture profits from knowledge assets through knowledge creation, replication, integration and transfer. The basic idea is to shed light on the mechanisms that make it possible, first, to create value from knowledge assets, second, to protect the value created by using different protection mechanisms (such as legal means or tacitness) and, third, to share the value created between the innovator, imitators and partners (open innovation model). In our model we derive technology strategies based on different knowledge bases and their characteristics. By means of our simulation experiments we open up some black boxes behind technology strategies that are often launched only as empirical generalizations, such as Freeman’s famous technology strategy typology. Our tool can also be used as a framework when the dynamic effects of technology strategies are traced and empirically scrutinized.     

Effects of R & D Spillovers on the Profitability of Firms

This cross-section study of a sample of 278 firms from the COMPUSTAT II database explores the relationship between a firm's profitability and other variables, notably its own R & D capital, knowledge and market spillovers and appropriability. The proxy for knowledge spillovers is based on technological distance. Market spillovers are based on a patent input-output matrix. Both spillover proxies combine information on R & D expenditures and patent counts.The results do not reject the hypothesis that R & D has a direct, positive effect on profitability, especially in industries with effective patent protection. Information spillovers affect profits negatively, market spillovers positively.