新兴市场合资企业R&D强度与企业绩效或有关系及调整

MNCs（跨国公司）通过组建合资企业进入新兴市场,由于其R&D活动面临着创新专用性风险,使其R&D强度与合资企业绩效之间表现为一种或有关系。使用厦门、长沙和重庆3地制造业样本检验验证了该理论假设。就市场战略而言,只有那些以国际市场战略为主的合资企业才能获得R&D对合资企业绩效的促进效应;进一步考虑合资企业不同的所有权结构——市场战略配置结构,发现只有在以国际市场战略——MNCs占绝对多数股权的合资企业中,R&D强度对企业绩效的促进效应才会显现,而其它任何类型的配置结构均没有发现这种促进效应。这些发现可为中国完善外资政策提供理论指导。     

Firms' decisions to innovate and innovation routines

This article investigates the forces that lead some firms to engage in more innovative activities than others using a survey of 360 large Australian firms. Many earlier studies on the determinants of innovation followed the Schumpeterian tradition, and focused on size and market structure as possible causes of innovativeness; however, with the event of new qualitative measures of industry knowledge and managerial styles, these factors have been found to be less important. The results of the present study show that external factors and generic routines common to all industries, such as the extent of learning, knowledge spillovers, appropriability and managerial approach are more important than industry specific forces. Locally-owned companies were also found to be more innovative, other things considered.     

可占有性战略、技术柔性与主导设计形成:比较案例研究

基于企业层面和技术层面双重视角，以激光光盘行业BD、HD DVD和移动操作系统Android、iOS的标准竞争作为比较案例，考察了技术发起者可占有性战略如何影响主导设计形成。研究发现：①技术发起者对技术标准采取更加开放的战略，一方面有助于吸引更多组件生产商，扩大标准联盟规模并提高标准联盟多元性，另一方面，技术发起者鼓励组件生产商参与技术标准开发与商业化，有助于改进技术标准，而技术标准性能改善将进一步吸引更多组件生产商。标准联盟规模与标准联盟多元性之间的自我强化效应最终促进主导设计形成;②技术柔性不仅受到可占有性战略的影响，也受到技术发起者在标准开发过程中所确立的技术规范内在特征的影响。柔性程度较高的技术标准往往能够得到更多改进，从而有助于弥补特定技术标准存在的初始设计缺陷。     

Technological arbitrage opportunities and interindustry differences in entry rates

In this study we investigate the relationship between technological arbitrage opportunities and entry rates in twenty-six industries over the course of five years. Arbitrage opportunities are shown to be a positive and significant predictor of business entry rates. Such positive effect is weakened in industries with strong appropriability regime including effective patents, secrecy, and lead time. Adding arbitrage opportunities to the typical determinants of entrepreneurship such as innovative opportunities significantly increases predictive power of the regression models.     

企业开放式创新与独占性机制耦合评价研究

在回顾企业开放式创新与独占性机制研究文献的基础上,对两者间耦合关系进行分析与检验。通过构建企业开放式创新与独占性机制测评指标体系,采用提高稳定性的组合评价法确定企业开放式创新与独占性机制的系统指标权重,通过构建多系统耦合函数对两系统的耦合度进行分析。实证分析结果表明,算例中企业开放式创新与独占性机制处于中度耦合和中度协调耦合状态。     

双元独占策略对R & D联盟形成决策的影响

R&D联盟有利于促进企业间知识交流,却易产生非预期的知识泄漏、创新模仿和机会主义等风险,因此在R&D联盟形成中考虑企业独占策略的影响至关重要。从联盟治理结构和联盟范围入手,探索双元独占策略对R&D联盟形成决策的影响,并讨论联盟经验的调节作用。结合来自电子信息、生物制药、机械制造和软件等行业208份问卷的调查数据,进行实证分析。结果显示,强调原发性独占策略的企业更倾向选择非股权联盟治理结构,强调生成性独占策略的企业更倾向选择股权联盟治理结构;原发性独占程度越高,企业越倾向选择更广泛的联盟范围;生成性独占程度越高,企业越倾向选择更狭小的联盟范围。另外,联盟经验对企业独占策略与R&D联盟治理结构的关系,以及企业独占策略与联盟范围的关系均存在显著的不同调节作用。     

R&D cooperation and unintended innovation performance: Role of appropriability regimes and sectoral characteristics

This research empirically examines the relation between R&D cooperation and unintended innovation performance. The effects of appropriability and sectoral conditions on the unintended innovation performance in the context of R&D cooperation were also tested. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the manufacturing firms sampled from the Korea Innovation Survey (KIS) 2012. Our estimation results show that for the high-tech focal firms under strong appropriability regime, cooperation with competitors increases the likelihood of their unintended innovation performance. For the high-tech focal firms under weak appropriability regime, cooperation with customer and user firms and universities increases the likelihood of their unintended innovation performance. For the low-tech firms under strong appropriability regime, cooperation with the customer and user firms and advisory organizations increases the likelihood of unintended innovation performance. For the low-tech firms under weak appropriability regime, cooperation with competitors and government research institutes increases the likelihood of unintended innovation performance. As a whole, the significance of this paper lies in shedding a new light on approaching the innovation performance with the notion of unintended innovation performance, which is shaped by different partner types and environmental conditions.     

Value of knowledge—Technology strategies in different knowledge regimes

This paper introduces a knowledge-based view of the firm, which enables us to analyze how the firm should build up its technology strategies in order to capture profits from knowledge assets through knowledge creation, replication, integration and transfer. The basic idea is to shed light on the mechanisms that make it possible, first, to create value from knowledge assets, second, to protect the value created by using different protection mechanisms (such as legal means or tacitness) and, third, to share the value created between the innovator, imitators and partners (open innovation model). In our model we derive technology strategies based on different knowledge bases and their characteristics. By means of our simulation experiments we open up some black boxes behind technology strategies that are often launched only as empirical generalizations, such as Freeman’s famous technology strategy typology. Our tool can also be used as a framework when the dynamic effects of technology strategies are traced and empirically scrutinized.     

Effects of R & D Spillovers on the Profitability of Firms

This cross-section study of a sample of 278 firms from the COMPUSTAT II database explores the relationship between a firm's profitability and other variables, notably its own R & D capital, knowledge and market spillovers and appropriability. The proxy for knowledge spillovers is based on technological distance. Market spillovers are based on a patent input-output matrix. Both spillover proxies combine information on R & D expenditures and patent counts.The results do not reject the hypothesis that R & D has a direct, positive effect on profitability, especially in industries with effective patent protection. Information spillovers affect profits negatively, market spillovers positively.     

可占有能力下竞合联盟知识演化策略

在竞合联盟中,成员专有知识共享和保护是理论界研究的热点问题,中国宽松的产权制度背景可能使得这一问题变得既复杂又具有特殊性。以可占有能力这一隐性传输壁垒为出发点,构建龙头企业和追随企业的异质性决策演化博弈模型,探寻可占有能力如何影响不同成员的知识演化策略。研究发现：①领导企业和追随企业的知识策略表现出一定差异,当可占有能力达到阈值后,领导企业一定会选择知识共享策略,而追随企业的知识策略并没有出现均衡状态,其中,成果可占有能力对策略演化的作用效果比知识可占有能力强;②当联盟成员均采取知识共享策略时,无论是知识可占有能力还是成果可占有能力,均与联盟研发投入正相关。当联盟成员均采取知识保护策略时,无论是领导企业还是追随企业,研发投入仅与知识可占有能力正相关,而与成果可占有能力不存在任何关系;③不论采取何种知识策略,联盟成员的期望收益始终与成果可占有能力正相关,而与知识可占有能力负相关,且当可占有能力达到阈值时,成果可占有能力对企业期望收益的作用效果显著强于知识可占有能力。因此,在当前产权制度背景下,可以从提高自身可占有能力这一途径维护竞合联盟稳定性,以此作为宽松产权制度下的一个有效补充。