MDM2和PTEN基因表达与贲门癌发生发展的相关性

目的 MDM2、PTEN基因表达与贲门癌发生发展关系的研究。方法用免疫组化S-P法检测32例贲门癌组织及18例正常贲门粘膜组织中MDM2和PTEN表达情况。结果贲门癌组织中MDM2表达34.4%,显著高于正常贲门粘膜组织(P<0.05),且与贲门癌淋巴结转移、浸润深度呈正相关。PTEN在贲门癌组织中的表达40.6%,显著低于正常贲门粘膜组织(P<0.05),且与贲门癌淋巴结转移、分化程度相关。结论 MDM2和PTEN异常表达与贲门癌的关系密切,共同参与了贲门癌的发展、转移及浸润。     

Hospital economic impact from hemostatic matrix usage in cardiac surgery

Objective:

Improved health outcomes can result in economic savings for hospitals and payers. While effectiveness of topical hemostatic agents in cardiac surgery has been demonstrated, evaluations of their economic benefit are limited. This study quantifies the cost consequences to hospitals, based on clinical outcomes, from using a flowable hemostatic matrix vs non-flowable topical hemostatic agents in cardiac surgery.

Research design and methods:

Applying clinical outcomes from a prospective randomized clinical trial, a cost consequence framework was utilized to model the economic impact of comparator groups. From that study, clinical outcomes were obtained and analyzed for a flowable hemostatic matrix (FLOSEAL, Baxter Healthcare Corporation) vs non-flowable topical hemostats (SURGICEL Nu-Knit, Ethicon–Johnson &; Johnson; GELFOAM, Pfizer). Costing analyses focused on the following outcomes: complications, blood transfusions, surgical revisions, and operating room (OR) time. Cardiac surgery costs were analyzed and expressed in 2012 US dollars based on available literature searches and US data. Comparator group variability in cost consequences (i.e., cost savings) was calculated based on annualized impact and scenario testing.

Results:

Results suggest that if a flowable hemostatic matrix (rather than a non-flowable hemostat) was utilized exclusively in 600 mixed cardiac surgeries annually, a hospital could improve patient outcomes by a reduction of 33 major complications, 76 minor complications, 54 surgical revisions, 194 transfusions, and 242?h of OR time. These outcomes correspond to a net annualized cost consequence savings of $5.38 million, with complication avoidance as the largest contributor.

Conclusions:

This cost consequence framework and supportive modeling was used to evaluate the hospital economic impact of outcomes resulting from the usage of various hemostatic agents. These analyses support that cost savings can be achieved from routine use of a flowable hemostatic matrix, rather than a non-flowable topical hemostat, in cardiac surgery.     

Real-world comparison of all-cause hospitalizations,hospitalizations due to stroke and major bleeding,and costs for non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients prescribed oral anticoagulants in a US health plan

Aims: To compare the risk of all-cause hospitalization and hospitalizations due to stroke/systemic embolism (SE) and major bleeding, as well as associated healthcare costs for non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients initiating apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or warfarin.

Materials and methods: NVAF patients initiating apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or warfarin were selected from the OptumInsight Research Database from January 1, 2013–September 30, 2015. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed between apixaban and each oral anticoagulant. Cox models were used to estimate the risk of stroke/SE and major bleeding. Generalized linear and 2-part models were used to compare healthcare costs.

Results: Of the 47,634 eligible patients, 8,328 warfarin-apixaban pairs, 3,557 dabigatran-apixaban pairs, and 8,440 rivaroxaban-apixaban pairs were matched. Compared to apixaban, warfarin patients were associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause (hazard ratio [HR]?=?1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]?=?1.21–1.40) as well as stroke/SE-related (HR?=?1.60; 95% CI?=?1.23–2.07) and major bleeding-related (HR?=?1.95; 95% CI?=?1.60–2.39) hospitalization; rivaroxaban patients were associated with a higher risk of all-cause (HR?=?1.15; 95% CI?=?1.07–1.24) and major bleeding-related hospitalization (HR?=?1.71; 95% CI?=?1.39–2.10); and dabigatran patients were associated with a higher risk of major bleeding hospitalization (HR?=?1.46, 95% CI?=?1.02–2.10). Warfarin patients had significantly higher major bleeding-related and total all-cause healthcare costs compared to apixaban patients. Rivaroxaban patients had significantly higher major bleeding-related costs compared to apixaban patients. No significant results were found for the remaining comparisons.

Limitations: No causal relationships can be concluded, and unobserved confounders may exist in this retrospective database analysis.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significantly higher risk of hospitalization (all-cause, stroke/SE, and major bleeding) associated with warfarin, a significantly higher risk of major bleeding hospitalization associated with dabigatran or rivaroxaban, and a significantly higher risk of all-cause hospitalization associated with rivaroxaban compared to apixaban. Lower major bleeding-related costs were observed for apixaban patients compared to warfarin and rivaroxaban patients.     

Economic value and cost-effectiveness of biventricular versus right ventricular pacing: results from the BLOCK-HF study

Abstract

Aims: The Biventricular vs Right Ventricular Pacing in Heart Failure Patients with Atrioventricular Block (BLOCK-HF) demonstrated that biventricular (BiV) pacing resulted in better clinical and structural outcomes compared to right ventricular (RV) pacing in patients with atrioventricular (AV) block and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; ≤50%). This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of BiV vs RV pacing in the patient population enrolled in the BLOCK-HF trial.

Methods: All-cause mortality, New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class distribution over time, and NYHA-specific heart failure (HF)-related healthcare utilization rates were predicted using statistical models based on BLOCK-HF patient data. A proportion-in-state model calculated cost-effectiveness from the Medicare payer perspective.

Results: The predicted patient survival was 6.78?years with RV and 7.52?years with BiV pacing, a 10.9% increase over lifetime. BiV pacing resulted in 0.41 more quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to RV pacing, at an additional cost of $12,537. The “base-case” incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $30,860/QALY gained. Within the clinical sub-groups, the highest observed ICER was $43,687 (NYHA Class I). Patients receiving combined BiV pacing and defibrillation (BiV-D) devices were projected to benefit more (0.84?years gained) than BiV pacemaker (BiV-P) recipients (0.49?years gained), compared to dual-chamber pacemakers.

Conclusions: BiV pacing in AV block patients improves survival and attenuates HF progression compared to RV pacing. ICERs were consistently below the US acceptability threshold ($50,000/QALY). From a US Medicare perspective, the additional up-front cost associated with offering BiV pacing to the BLOCK-HF patient population appears justified.     

Cost-benefits of incorporating levosimendan into cardiac surgery practice: German base case

Objective:

To evaluate the cost-benefit of using levosimendan compared with dobutamine, in the perioperative treatment of patients undergoing cardiac surgery who require inotropic support.

Methods:

A two-part Markov model was designed to simulate health-state transitions of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and estimate the short- and long-term health benefits of treatment. Hospital length of stay (LOS), mortality, medication, and adverse events were key clinical- and cost-inputs. Cost-benefits were evaluated in terms of costs and bed stays within the German healthcare system. Drug prices were calculated from the German Drug Directory (€/2014) and published literature, with a 3% annual discount rate applied. The base case analysis was for a 1-year time horizon.

Results:

The use of levosimendan vs dobutamine was associated with cost savings of €4787 per patient from the German hospital perspective due to reduced adverse events and shorter hospital LOS, leading to increased bed capacity and hospital revenue.

Limitations:

A pharmacoeconomic calculation for the specific situation of the German healthcare system that is based on international clinical trial carries a substantial risk of disregarding potentially relevant but unknown confounding factors (i.e., ICU-staffing, co-medications, standard-ICU care vs fast-tracking, etc.) that may either attenuate or increase the outcome pharmacoeconomic effects of a drug; however, since these conditions would also apply for patients treated with comparators, their net effects may not necessarily influence the conclusions.

Conclusions:

The use of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiac surgery who require inotropic support appears to be cost-saving. The results of the analysis provide a strong rationale to run local clinical studies with pharmacoeconomic end-points which would allow a much more precise computation of the benefits of levosimendan.     

曲美他嗪治疗心力衰竭的临床疗效

目的：探讨曲美他嗪治疗心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法选取我院2014年1月至4月心内科收治的心力衰竭患者56例作为观察组,在常规治疗基础上给予曲美他嗪治疗。同时,选取同期收治的心力衰竭患者56例作为对照组,给予常规治疗,比较两组患者的临床疗效。结果观察组患者总有效率为92.9%,对照组患者总有效率为78.6%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组患者在心脏指标、心功能改善情况明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论曲美他嗪在改善和恢复心力衰竭患者心功能方面疗效确切,心肌缺血明显缓解,有利于心力衰竭患者生存质量的提高,可作为临床上治疗心力衰竭的良好辅助药物。     

Bridging the Gap between Different Statistical Approaches: An Integrated Framework for Modelling

This paper proposes a template for modelling complex datasets that integrates traditional statistical modelling approaches with more recent advances in statistics and modelling through an exploratory framework. Our approach builds on the well-known and long standing traditional idea of 'good practice in statistics' by establishing a comprehensive framework for modelling that focuses on exploration, prediction, interpretation and reliability assessment, a relatively new idea that allows individual assessment of predictions.
The integrated framework we present comprises two stages. The first involves the use of exploratory methods to help visually understand the data and identify a parsimonious set of explanatory variables. The second encompasses a two step modelling process, where the use of non-parametric methods such as decision trees and generalized additive models are promoted to identify important variables and their modelling relationship with the response before a final predictive model is considered. We focus on fitting the predictive model using parametric, non-parametric and Bayesian approaches.
This paper is motivated by a medical problem where interest focuses on developing a risk stratification system for morbidity of 1,710 cardiac patients given a suite of demographic, clinical and preoperative variables. Although the methods we use are applied specifically to this case study, these methods can be applied across any field, irrespective of the type of response.     

比伐卢定联合挽救性经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性心肌梗死溶栓失败患者的疗效及安全性

目的探讨比伐卢定联合挽救性经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)治疗急性心肌梗死(ACI)溶栓失败患者的疗效及安全性。方法选取2017年9月至2020年6月辽宁省人民医院收治的98例ACI患者作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各49例。对照组接受肝素+挽救性PCI治疗,观察组采用比伐卢定+挽救性PCI治疗。比较两组血管再通率、血清心肌损伤标志物肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)、超声心动图心功能参数左室射血分数(LVEF)、每搏输出量(SV)、左室舒张功能比值(E/A),随访并记录主要不良心血管事件发生情况。结果治疗后,两组患者的血管再通率差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.010,P=0.315);PCI术后,两组血清CK-MB、cTn T、cTnⅠ水平及超声LVEF、SV、E/A水平差异无统计学意义(t=1.283、1.163、0.795、0.351、0.309、0.471,P=0.101、0.124、0.214、0.363、0.379、0.319)。随访期间,观察组主要不良心血管事件发生率低于对照组患者(χ²=4.009,P=0.045)。结论伐卢定联合挽救性PCI用于急性心肌梗死溶栓失败患者的治疗,疗效与普通肝素相当,但在治疗安全性方面具有一定优势。