Crowding-out effect of the current food stamp subsidy scheme

We construct a model to illustrate that the current food stamp subsidy scheme fails to achieve its stated aim due to the crowding-out effect. More specifically, if the household income is sufficiently low, only a corner solution exists, and a full subsidy is needed.     

The crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on household consumption from the perspective of population aging: Evidence from China

The pace of aging in China is accelerating, from the introduction of family planning to the liberalization of the two-child policy, with a growing proportion of families in the 4–2-1 structure. With filial piety in mind, most adult children will live with their elderly parents and share income and expenditure. Concurrently, due to the inadequacy of the social security system, a heavy supplementary burden of supporting the elderly has been placed on adult children. Based on data from the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Chinese Social Survey (CSS) of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), this study analyzes the objective factors affecting household elderly support expenditure using the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation method. It also examines the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on the consumption of different types of households through a panel generalized method of moments (GMM) approach. Finally, the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure is discussed in a sub-sample according to the number of households needing to support the elderly aged 60 and above. The empirical results illustrate that there is a crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on household consumption, and the magnitude of the crowding-out effect varies for diverse consumption. Our study reveals that the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on core consumption is the largest in a sample with different numbers of elderly persons in families. The empirical results for the sub-sample show that the larger the elderly population, the stronger the crowding-out effect of elderly support expenditure on core consumption and the less pronounced the effect on marginal consumption.     

Does monitoring decrease work effort?: The complementarity between agency and crowding-out theories

Agency theory assumes that tighter monitoring by the principal should motivate agents to increase their effort, whereas the “crowding-out” literature suggests that the opposite may occur. These two assertions are not necessarily contradictory provided that the nature of the employment relationship is taken into account [Frey, B., 1993. Does monitoring increase work effort? The rivalry between trust and loyalty. Econ. Inquiry 31, 663–670]. Results from controlled laboratory experiments show that many principals engage in costly monitoring, and most agents react to the disciplining effect of monitoring by increasing effort. However, we also find some evidence that effort is crowded out when monitoring is above a certain threshold. We identify that both interpersonal principal–agent links and concerns for the distribution of output payoff are important for the emergence of this crowding-out effect.     

Are neighbour tourists more sensitive to crowding? The impact of distance on the crowding-out effect in tourism

The concept of the crowding-out effect has been employed in the tourism literature to analyse complex phenomena. However, there is limited insight into the crowding-out effect on tourists by tourists, and even less into the impact of distance on the crowding-out of tourists. This paper examines the relationship between crowding perceptions, tourists' attitudes toward crowding and the consequences of being crowded out. Results from a sample of 729 international tourists in Hong Kong suggest that there is a crowding-out effect on tourists by tourists, but this has only a marginal influence on the majority. The limited crowding-out effect is induced by tourists in general rather than by a single segment. The study also investigates the effect of distance on tourist crowding. The findings reveal a decaying effect of distance on tourists’ crowding perceptions, as neighbour tourists are more susceptible to tourist crowding than tourists from long-haul markets.     

外商直接投资对区域经济的产出效应——基于路径收敛设计的研究

魏后凯(2002)和武剑(2002)得到两个看似矛盾的结论:东西部区域经济增长差异的90%和不到20%是源自于外商直接投资。本文借鉴李子奈(2008)计量经济建模的"一般性"和"唯一性"原则,提出了路径收敛设计建模方法;澄清了钱雪亚(2007)认为至少有一个结论偏离现实的直观解读,发现魏和武的结论分别吻合了外商直接投资通过资本要素和技术水平的不同效应,得到缩小东中西区域经济增长差异,首先在于吸收外商直接投资是否能够改变国内资本从挤出到挤入效应,而不在于其所引发的技术效应。本文方法,也是对Fine(2000)指出的计量经济建模三个严峻问题给出一个可选择的解决。     

The crowding-out effect of formal insurance on informal risk sharing: An experimental study

This paper investigates the crowding-out effect of formal insurance on informal risk-sharing arrangements via theory and laboratory experiment. Our model and simulation predict that the crowding out of private transfers is often more than one-for-one and will reduce the total risk coverage. Furthermore, the existence of a moderate degree of altruism exaggerates the crowding-out effect, especially when there is an ex-ante income inequality. These predictions are mostly supported by the laboratory experiment, except that the crowding-out effect is not more than one-for-one, and hence the total risk coverage is not significantly reduced by formal insurance.     

Sluggish Recovery from the Financial Crisis: Crowding-out Effect and Contagion

Abstract

The stimulus plans by the US Government after the financial crisis in 2008 may decrease private investment by means of a crowding-out effect. The US Federal Reserve utilized quantitative easing policies to maintain the interest rate as low as possible to minimize crowding-out. The 2008 financial crisis also affects other economies through contagion effects. This paper investigates the existence of the crowding-out effect and contagion effect after the crisis using Temin and Voth's models. The empirical results from vector autoregession show that there is a crowding-out effect in the US economy as well as a contagion effect of the crisis on the Korean and Japanese economies.     

政府投资挤出民间投资影响因素的实证分析

投资是拉动我国经济增长的重要力量,而其中政府投资则对民间投资具有调节作用,本文基于VAR模型,对政府投资挤出民间投资的主要因素进行了实证研究,结果发现金融机构的信贷是影响政府投资挤出民间投资的主要原因,而税收以及政府在竞争领域的投资对民间投资影响较微弱,对此,文章最后提出了一些政策建议。     

城市房价与全要素生产率:“挤出效应”与“筛选效应”

本文主要关注城市房价对整体全要素生产率和企业个体全要素生产率影响的差异性,重点分析城市房价上涨对工业企业的"筛选效应"与"倒逼效应"。利用230个地级市数据和微观工业企业数据,采用工具变量法分别检验了房价对城市整体以及工业企业全要素生产率的差异性影响。实证结果表明,城市高房价显著抑制了城市全要素生产率水平的提升,这种抑制效应主要来自房地产投资对实体经济资金的"挤占效应"和"资源错配效应"。城市房价快速上涨对工业企业的"筛选效应",使房价快速增长城市工业企业的全要素生产率一般会较高。如果对留存企业的"倒逼效应"难以抵消房价上涨带来的效率损失时,房价快速上涨累积形成的高房价与工业企业生产率之间会存在一种"倒U型"曲线关系。城市房价快速上涨对服务业企业的"锁定效应"与生产率的"侵蚀效应",使房价快速上涨及高房价城市中工业企业全要素生产率较高,但城市整体生产率水平较低。稳健性分析也支持了以上研究结论。     

技术进步就业挤出效应的产业技术特征研究

在分析技术进步就业挤出效应作用机理的基础上,利用扩展的C-D生产函数模型对就业挤出效应进行测度推导,选取劳动密集度等5个变量对产业技术特征作描述性度量,在此基础上建立挤出效应的产业技术因素影响模型,利用我国制造业25个细分行业数据进行实证分析。结果显示,劳动密集度对就业挤出效应存在显著的负向影响,表明劳动密集型产业难以通过技术进步节约劳动力投入,进而为劳动密集型产业转移路径提供了理论参考依据。