马克思与斯密:关于投机行为的不同看法

本文强调马克思与斯密对投机的认识存在分歧,主张把这种分歧追溯到他们秉持的不同的个人观念。斯密在对个人进行抽象时只强调了自利性和理性,马克思则把相互依赖、相互制约也看作个人的行为特征。因为强调人们彼此间的依赖和制约,马克思没有忽视彼此依赖和制约着的任意一方行为主体,他正视选择投机的资本家的存在,承认投机还会对资产价格进而对日常生活和生产经营活动造成冲击,在他笔下,选择投机的资本家、选择投资的资本家和雇佣工人总是结成一定的关系借以制约彼此的行为选择。因为没有把个人理解为彼此依赖和制约着的。斯密轻易忽视了选择投机的资本家的存在,他否认投机及其对资产价格进而对日常生活和生产经营活动造成的冲击,无法正确理解选择投机的资本家与他人结成的关系。     

宗族式与小家庭式家庭结构对个体成长的影响

家庭,作为社会最基本的组织单位,承担着经济生产、生育子女、教养子女、赡养老人、满足个人的情感和生理需求等多方面的职能。每个人在作为独立个体进入社会之前都经历过一段相当长时间的家庭教养阶段,个人的人格、行为模式和价值观念等等都会受到家庭的莫大影响。所以不同家庭环境对于个体的发展起着不同的作用,本文旨在探讨传统宗族式家庭结构和现代小家庭式家庭结构对个体发展的不同路径的渗透。     

Corporate and personal income tax declarations

Decisions by firms and individuals on the extent of their tax payments have generally been treated as separate choices. Empirically, a positive relationship between corporate and personal income tax evasion can be observed. The theoretical analysis in this paper shows that a manager's decision on the firm's behaviour will be independent of his personal preferences if the gain from reducing corporate tax payments is certain, as in the case of tax avoidance. If, however, the firm evades taxes so that the manager's income depends on whether the firm's activities are detected or not, corporate and personal income tax evasion choices cannot be separated. Jel Code H 24 · H 25 · H 26     

我国个体经济的发展与就业研究

本文通过回顾我国改革开放以来个体经济的发展情况,从数量的角度分析个体经济与诸多经济变量的关系,并利用生产函数考察个体经济的就业,发现个体经济的规模与营业水平、利率和工资水平存在协整关系,并且个体经济的规模与营业水平、利率成正比,与工资水平成反比,而个体经济就业的ARMA模型显示,其吸纳就业的能力与营业收入、注册资金总额都成正比。     

藏金于民对我国储备资产替补效应的思考

藏金于民是投资理财的一部分。但是,在开放经济条件下藏金于民具有深厚的国际意义。藏金于民为国家积累了坚实的家底和基石,提高了国家抵御危机的能力。同时减轻了国家外汇储备的压力;分担了国家黄金储备的负担。另外,藏金于民也为央行调节货币政策提供了新的工具。     

Taking the modern for nature: methodological individualism as an interesting mistake

Abstract

Marx claims that what early modern writers took as the isolated individual in nature, was actually the individual in modern civil society. This is a mistake, but an interesting one. The paper traces the idea of the methodological individualist isolated individual in Hobbes, Locke, Bentham, Austrian and neoclassical economics. The idea is untenable because it prevents a distinction between the individual and the economy in which it supposedly pursues its interest. But the mistake pushes beyond itself, pointing to a tenable alternative, plural individuality. The alternative view is thus grounded in its contrary, rather than simply rejecting it.     

Deaf by Design: A Business Argument Against Engineering Disabled Offspring

If Solomon is correct in labeling businesses as community citizens because they “are part and parcel of the communities in which they live and flourish, and the responsibilities that they bear are ... intrinsic to their very existence as social entities,” then it follows that other community citizens have reciprocal duties toward them that they, as community citizens, have to any other community citizen. One of these duties is not to harm needlessly another community citizen without its permission. One issue affecting business is genetically engineering children to have characteristics, e.g., deafness, which render them disabled in work environments. Since business is a very large part of society, citizen responsibilities toward it in regard to intentionally creating deaf children should be examined. It is my contention that designing disabled offspring is unethical on the grounds that it causes undue injury to businesses without their permission in any form. D.R. Cooley is the Associate Director of the Northern Plains Ethics Institute and an Associate Professor of Philosophy and Ethics at North Dakota State University. His research includes various issues in bioethics, agriculture, and business.     

我国科技奖励制度的结构问题及优化措施

我国科技奖励制度在结构上存在人物奖缺乏、奖励对象狭窄、缺乏国际性奖励、单项奖太少、缺乏基础科学奖励等问题。相应地提出,以奖励科技人员为主、拓宽科技奖励对象、增设国际性奖励、重视基础科学奖励、调整政府奖与民间奖的侧重点等优化措施。     

Uncertainty: individuals, institutions and technology

In an attempt to refine the concept of uncertainty, this paperelaborates an ontology of the social world concentrating onindividuals, institutions and technology. It shows the strongentwinement of the ontological aspects of the conceptualisationof uncertainty and epistemological ones. It highlights the ontologicaland epistemological dimensions of different concepts of uncertainty,such as fundamental uncertainty, procedural uncertainty, ambiguityand weak uncertainty (or risk). It also comments on a few writingsthat distinguish varieties of uncertainty with adjectives suchas ‘ontological’ and ‘epistemological’or ‘epistemic’.     

Changing Trends in Seafood Markets

The rapid growth of aquaculture has significantly impacted the development of global seafood markets by providing year-round supplies of consistent quality seafood products. Production of cultured salmon, however, has resulted in both a rapid increase in supplies and substantial decreases in prices for both farmed and wild product. Producers are now searching for new marketing and production strategies and debating the relative merits of wild and cultured product. To date, however, there are few studies which explore consumer preferences for wild and cultured salmon. This paper addresses this issue by reviewing general trends in global seafood markets and focusing on market development and consumer preferences for farmed and wild salmon. A consumer survey was developed to elicit preferences for the characteristics of salmon. Results showed that quality was the most important salmon attribute followed by state (fresh/frozen), flesh color, and price. Source of production (wild or farmed) was the least important attribute and species and product form were of intermediate importance. However, preferences for specific characteristics depended on the socioeconomic profile of the respondents. Results indicate potential opportunities for niche marketing of certain types of wild salmon, conditional on resource conservation and management.